Isolation and Identification of Candida spp. In immunocomparomised patients and Detection some virulence factors.
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
One hundred thirty patients undergoing chemotherapy for different types of cancer attending Tikrit Teaching Hospital from January 2013 to Augusto 2013 were enrolled in this study. Their age were range between “11-83 years old”. 68 blood samples and 62 sputum samples were collected in this study.
Candida spp. Infection was 14(20.5%) isolates from patients blood and 5(8.1%) isolates from patients sputum, were infections more in blood C.albicans 8(57.8%) , C.glabrata 3(21.4%) C.krusei 2(14.3%) and C.parasillosis while isolates from sputum were 3(60%) of C.albicans and C.glabrata 2(40%). The isolated were identified according morphological , Cultural and biochemical characteristic.
Fungal isolates in present study produced various virulence factors hemolysin and protease production were produced in C.albicans 8(72.8), 11(100%) respectively, while C.glabrata hemolysin production were 4(80%) and (40%) of protease production , while C.parasillosis isolate were produced protease and hemolysin. C.krusei were produce only hemolysin 1(50%).
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Tikrit Journal of Pure Science is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which allows users to copy, create extracts, abstracts, and new works from the article, alter and revise the article, and make commercial use of the article (including reuse and/or resale of the article by commercial entities), provided the user gives appropriate credit (with a link to the formal publication through the relevant DOI), provides a link to the license, indicates if changes were made, and the licensor is not represented as endorsing the use made of the work. The authors hold the copyright for their published work on the Tikrit J. Pure Sci. website, while Tikrit J. Pure Sci. is responsible for appreciate citation of their work, which is released under CC-BY-4.0, enabling the unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction of an article in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited.
References
1. William J, Steinbach F. (2003) Status of medical mycology education. J Med Mycol;41, 457_467.
2. Cohen R, Roth F J, Delgado E, Ahearn D G, Kalser M H. Fungal flora of the normal human small and large intestine. N Engl J Med 1969 ; 280(12):638-41.
3. Rinaldi MG. Biology and Pathogenicity of Candida Species. In: Bodey GP, ed. Candidiasis Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment. 2 ed. New York: Raven Press, 1993:1-20.
4. Pfaller, M.A. and Diekema. D.J. (2007) The epidemiology of invasive candidiasis: a persistent public health problem. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 20:133-163.
5. Jarvis WR. Epidemiology of nosocomial fungal infections, with emphasis on Candida species. Clin Infect Dis. 1995. 20(6):1526-30.
6. Hilmar W, Tammy B, Sandra M T, Harald S, Richard P W, Michael B E. Nosocomial bloodstream infections in US hospitals: analysis of 24,179 cases from a prospective nationwide surveillance study. Clin Infect Dis 2004 Aug 1;39(3):309-17.
7. Walsh T J, Chanock S J. Diagnosis of invasive fungal infections: advances
8. Tomee JFCH, Kauffman H.F. (2000) Putative virulence factors of Aspergillus fumigatus. Clin Exp Allergy, 30:476–484.
9. Mio T, Yabe T, Sudoh M. et al. Role of three chitin synthase genes in the growth of Candida albicans. J Bacteriol. 1996;178:2416–2419.
10. Casadevall A, Pirofski LA. (2001) Host-pathogen interactions: the attributes of virulence. J Infect Dis 184:337–344.
11. Odds, F.C. (1985) Candida albicans proteinase as a virulence factor in the pathogenesis of Candida infections. Zbl. Bakt. Hyg. Ser. A., 260: 539-542.
12. Deng A, WU J, Zhang Y, Zhang G and Wen T. (2010) Purification and characterization of a surfactant-stable high-alkaline protease from Bacillus sp. , J Technol. 101: 7100-7116.
13. Hube B, Ruchel R, Monod M, Sanglard D, Odds FC (1998) Functional aspects of secreted Candida proteinases. Adv Exp Med Biol 436:339–344.
14. Borg, M. and Ruchel, R. (1988) Expression of Extracellular Acid Proteinase by Proteolytic Candida s during Experimental Infection of Oral Mucosa. Infection and Immunity, 56, 626-631.
15. Odds, F.C. (1985) Candida albicans proteinase as a virulence factor in the pathogenesis of Candida infections. J. Med Infect, 260: 539-542.
16. Ruchel, R. (1986) Cleavage of immunoglobulin by pathogenic yeast of the genus Candida. Microbiol. Sci., 3: 316-319. 17. Yuan, L. & G. T. Cole. 1987. Isolation and characterization of an extracellular proteinase of Coccidioides immitis. Infect Immun 55: 1970-1978. 22.
18. Kanatrcioglu SA, Yucel A. Phospholipase and protease activities in clinical Candida isolates with reference to the source of strains. Mycoses 2002;45: 169-5.
19. Monod M, Zepelin MB. (2002) Secreted proteinases and other virulence mechanisms of Candida albicans. Chem Immunol 81:114–128.
20. Naglik JR, Challacombe SJ, Hube B. (2003) Candia albicans secreted aspartyl proteinases in virulence and pathogenesis. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 67:400–428
21. Glenn D Roberts and John A Washington. Detection of Fungi in Blood Cultures. J ClinMicrobiol. 1975.:309-310
22. Binesh, L. Y. and Kalyani, M. 2011.Phenotypic Characterization of Candida Species and Their Antifungal Susceptibility from a Tertiary Care Centre, J Pharm Bio Sci, 11: 12.
23. Segal, E., and Elad, D. (2005) Candidiasis. In Topley and Wilson s Medical Mycology. 10th edn. Edward Arnold Publishers. 579-623. 24. Atlas R. M., Williams J. F., Huntington M. K. (1995). Legionella contamination of dental-unit waters. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61: 1208–1213.
25. Forbes. S.h., hogg, J. T., Buchanan, F.C., Crawford. A. M. and Allendorf . F.W. (1995).microsatellite evolution in coneneric ma,,als: domestic and bighorn sheep. Mo. Boil. Evol. 12: 1106-1113.
26.Manns JM, Mosser DM, Buckley HR. (1994) Production of a Hemolytic Factor by Candida albicans. Infect Immun. 62;5154-6.
27. Aoki S, Ito-Kuwa S, Nakamura Y, Masuhara T. (1990) Comparative pathogenicity of wild-type strains and respiratory mutants of Candida albicans in mice. Bio Sci. 273: 332-343.
28. AL-Asehagi A. S. H (2012). Candidemia in Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy , College of Medicine University of Tikrit.
29. Chen S, Slavin M, Nguyen Q, et al. (2006)Active surveillance for candidemia, Australia. J Emerg Infect Dis. 12(10):1508-16.
30. Theoklis E Z, Jesse A.(2005)The Epidemiology and Attributable Outcomes of Candidemia in Adults and Children Hospitalized in the United States: A Propensity Analysis. Philadelphia. J Clin Infect Dis. 41:1232–9.
31. Diekema DJ, Messer SA, Hollis RJ, et al. (2003) Activities of caspofungin, itraconazole, posacoanzole, ravuconazole, voriconazole, and amphotericin B against 448 recent clinical isolates of filamentous fungi. J Clin Microbiol. 41:3623–6.
32. Hsiue h. c, y.T Huany ,Y. L. kuo, T. C. chang (2009). rapid identification of fungal pathogens in positive blood culture using oligonucleotide array hybridization .Clin Microbiol Infect 2010;16:493-500. 33. Lynn, A.G., MacDonald, W.A., Joanis, V., Lloyd, V.K. (2002). Developmental timing and maintenance of genomic imprinting and position-effect variegation in Drosophila. A. Dros. Res. Conf. 43 : 301A.
34. Kovacicova, G; Hanzen, J; Pisarcikova, M; Sejnova, D; Horn, J; Babela, R; Svetlansky, I; Lovaszova, M; Gogova, M. & Krcmery, V. (2001). Nosocomial fungemia due to amphotericin B-resistant Candida spp. in three pediatric patients after previous neurosurgery for brain tumors. J Infect Chemother 7, 45-38.
35. Forbes BN, Sahm DF, Weissfield AS. (2002) Bailey and Scott's Diagnostic Microbiolog, 9th ed. Chapter 53 M Mosby. St. Louis London Philadelphia Sydney Toronto, 280:724-785.
36. Yongabi, K.A. W.F.Mbacham, K.K.Nubia and R.M.Singh (2009) Yeast strains isolated from HIV-seropositive patients in Cameroon and their sensitivity to extracts of eight medicinal plants. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 3 (4),.133-136.
37. Jaffer WN. (1998) Pulmonary fungal infections in Babylion province. Ph D. Sc thesis, College of Sciences University of Babylon.
38. Bharathi B, Siva Sankar S, Swamidoss Danial (2010). Incidence of bacterial and fungal coinfections in some HIV infected Indian population. Indian J. Biotechnol., 3(2): 199.
39. Cooke NS, Feighery C, Armstrong DK, Walsh M, Dempsey S. (2009) Cutaneous Fusarium solani infection in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Clin Exp Dermatol 34:e117–e119.
40. Paradowski LJ. Saprophytic fungal infections and lung transplantation – revisited. J Heart lung Transpl. 1997; 16: 524-531 41. Osmanagaoglu, O.; Altinlar, N.; Sacilik, S.C.; Cokmus, C. and Akin, A. (2000). Identification of different Candida species isolated in various hospitals in Ankara by fungichrom test kit and their differentiation by SDS-PAGE. Turk. J. Med. Sci. 30: 355-358.
42. Bhavan, P.S.; Rajkumar, R.; Radhakrishnan, S.; Seenivasan, C. and Kannan, S. (2010). Culture and identification of Candida Albicans from vaginal ulcer and separation of enolase on SDS-PAGE. Inter. J. Bio. 2; (1): 84-93.
43. Mohammed N. A.(2008) Detection of Candida spp. and other pathogens responsible for vulvovaginitis in women with contraceptive methods. College of Science / University of Baghdad.
44. Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ. Twelve years of fluconazole in clinical practice: global trends in species distribution and fluconazole susceptibility of bloodstream isolates of Candida. Clin Microbiol Infect 2004 Mar;1:11-23.
45. Ellis, d., davis, s., alexiou, h ., A., Bozza, S., Gaziano, R., Mosci, P(2007). Descriptions of medical fungi , second edition , underdale , south Australia : nexus print solutions.
46. De Bernardis F, Mondello F, San Milan R, Ponton J, Cassone A. (1999) Biotyping and virulence properties of skin isolates of Candida parapsilosis. J Clin Microbiol, 37:3481-86.
47. Yamamoto T, Nohara K, Uchida K, Yamaguchi K.Purification (1992). characterization of secretory proteinase of Candida albicans. Microbiol Immuno, 36: 637- 41.
48. Garver KI, Muriana PM (1993). Detection, Identification and characterization of bacteriocin producing lactic acid bacteria from retail food products. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 19: 241-258.
49. Ramesh N, Priyadharsini M, Sumathi CS, Balasubramanian V, Hemapriya J, Kannan R. (2011) Virulence factors and anti-fungal sensitivity pattern of Candida sp. isolated from HIV and TB patients. Indian J Microbiol. 51(3):273-8.
50. Rossoni RD, Barbosa JO, Vilela SFG, Jorge AOC, Junqueira JC . (2013) Comparison of the hemolytic activity between C. albicans and non-albicans Candida species, J Clin Microbiol, 27(6):484-9 485.
51. Luo, G., Samaranayake, L. P. & Yau, J. Y. Y. (2001). Candida species exhibit differential in vitro hemolytic activities. J Clin Microbiol 39, 2971–2974.