The Adverse consequence of covid-19 causing liver and kidney dysfunctions
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The COVID-19 outbreak is a substantial public health concern around the world. The most common complication of COVID-19 infection is lung damage. However, damage can occur in other organs, including liver, cardiac dysfunction, kidney dysfunction, and intestine disorder. This research aims is to evaluate the function of two main organs in the human body, the liver, and kidney, assess the organ's function by measuring the clinical features and test abnormalities in COVID-19 patients, and to compared with previous publications, and highlighted on adverse of pharmacological utilized in the treatment of covid-19 patients. This study included collcting the blood from 60 patients with an average age of (58.718) was admitted between August and December 2021 to Al-Shefa hospital in Al-Ramadi city with a severe infection of SARS-CoV-2, and from 20 as control group. Multiple of liver and kidney biomarker was measured to demonstrated the adverse consequence of (SARS-CoV-2). And shedding light on the influences that occurred on the values of biomarkers of both liver and kidney function.
The clinical measuring of liver function involved Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (80.308±69.334) aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (60.205±48.013), Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) (773.667±437.657), C-reactive protein (CRP) (64.205±37.327), which were significantly high with (p<0.01) and Alkaline phosphate (ALP) (404.590±339.462) was significantly high with (p < 0.009) and albumin level (2.982±0.629) had decreased with (p<0.003) as comparing with control group. The kidney dysfunction was evaluated by Serum levels of urea (76.056±59.827) and creatinine (1.570±0.947), both were highly significant with (p<0.004), (p<0.001) respectively when compared with control group. percentage level of elevating or reducing in most measured biomarkers in this study was higher than from the previous studies. In this manuscript, we analyzed the adverse consequences of covid-19 developed from the virus itself or the strategy protocol of drugs utilized that might induce liver and kidney damage in COVID-19 Iraqi individuals. in other words, We presented the clinical management aimed at demonstrating the organ damage caused by COVID-19 and anti-COVID-19 pharmacological therapies utilized.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Tikrit Journal of Pure Science is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which allows users to copy, create extracts, abstracts, and new works from the article, alter and revise the article, and make commercial use of the article (including reuse and/or resale of the article by commercial entities), provided the user gives appropriate credit (with a link to the formal publication through the relevant DOI), provides a link to the license, indicates if changes were made, and the licensor is not represented as endorsing the use made of the work. The authors hold the copyright for their published work on the Tikrit J. Pure Sci. website, while Tikrit J. Pure Sci. is responsible for appreciate citation of their work, which is released under CC-BY-4.0, enabling the unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction of an article in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited.
References
[1] Q. Cai et al., “COVID-19: Abnormal liver function tests,” J. Hepatol., vol. 73, no. 3, pp. 566–574, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.04.006.
[2] X. Yang et al., “Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study,” Lancet Respir. Med., vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 475–481, 2020.https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30079-5
[3] M. Noris, A. Benigni, and G. Remuzzi, “The case of complement activation in COVID-19 multiorgan impact,” Kidney International, vol. 98, no. 2. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.05.013.
[4] F. Sodeifian et al., “Drug-Induced Liver Injury in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review,” Front. Med., vol. 8, no. September, 2021, doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.731436.
[5] A. Vitiello, R. La Porta, V. D’Aiuto, and F. Ferrara, “The risks of liver injury in COVID-19 patients and pharmacological management to reduce or prevent the damage induced,” Egypt. Liver J., vol. 11, no. 1, 2021, doi: 10.1186/s43066-021-00082-y.
[6] M. Hoffmann, H. Kleine-Weber, N. Krüger, M. Müller, C. Drosten, and S. Pöhlmann, “The novel coronavirus 2019 (2019-nCoV) uses the SARS-coronavirus receptor ACE2 and the cellular protease TMPRSS2 for entry into target cells,” BioRxiv, 2020.https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.31.929042
[7] X. Chai et al., “Specific ACE2 expression in cholangiocytes may cause liver damage after 2019-nCoV infection,” bioRxiv, 2020, doi: 10.1101/2020.02.03.931766.
[8] S. Naicker, C.-W. Yang, S.-J. Hwang, B.-C. Liu, J.-H. Chen, and V. Jha, “The novel coronavirus 2019 epidemic and kidneys,” Kidney Int., vol. 97, no. 5, pp. 824–828, 2020.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2020.03.001
[9] J. S. Hirsch et al., “Acute kidney injury in patients hospitalized with COVID-19,” Kidney Int., vol. 98, no. 1, pp. 209–218, 2020.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2020.05.006
[10] Y. M. Liu et al., “Kidney Function Indicators Predict Adverse Outcomes of COVID-19,” Med, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 38-48.e2, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.medj.2020.09.001.
[11] E. Kordzadeh-kermani, “Pathogenesis , clinical manifestations and complications of COVID-19,” vol. 15, pp. 1287–1305, 2020.https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2021.123
[12] Y. Cheng et al., “Kidney impairment is associated with in-hospital death of COVID-19 patients,” MedRxiv, 2020.doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.18.20023242
[13] Z. Li et al., “Caution on kidney dysfunctions of COVID-19 patients,” 2020. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3559601
[14] I. Garrido, R. Liberal, and G. Macedo, “Review article: COVID-19 and liver disease—what we know on 1st May 2020,” Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther., vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 267–275, 2020, doi: 10.1111/apt.15813.
[15] B. Zhang et al., “Clinical characteristics of 82 cases of death from COVID-19,” PLoS One, vol. 15, no. 7, p. e0235458, 2020.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235458
[16] W. Guan et al., “Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China,” N. Engl. J. Med., vol. 382, no. 18, 2020, doi: 10.1056/nejmoa2002032.
[17] C. Li et al., “Elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level as an independent risk factor for the severity and mortality of COVID-19,” Aging (Albany NY), vol. 12, no. 15, p. 15670, 2020.doi: 10.18632/aging.103770
[18] R. Benedé-Ubieto et al., “Abnormal liver function test in patients infected with coronavirus (Sars-cov-2): A retrospective single-center study from spain,” J. Clin. Med., vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 1–18, 2021, doi: 10.3390/jcm10051039.
[19] J. Wang et al., “Risk factors of liver injury in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Jiangsu, China: A retrospective, multi-center study,” J. Med. Virol., vol. 93, no. 6, pp. 3305–3311, 2021, doi: 10.1002/jmv.26663.
[20] F. R. Ponziani et al., “Liver involvement is not associated with mortality: results from a large cohort of SARS‐CoV‐2‐positive patients,” Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther., vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 1060–1068, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15996
[21] X. Luo et al., “Prognostic Value of C-Reactive Protein in Patients with Coronavirus 2019,” Clin. Infect. Dis., vol. 71, no. 16, pp. 2174–2179, 2020, doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa641.
[22] L. A. Potempa, I. M. Rajab, P. C. Hart, J. Bordon, and R. Fernandez-Botran, “Insights into the use of C-reactive protein as a diagnostic index of disease severity in COVID-19 infections,” Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., vol. 103, no. 2, pp. 561–563, 2020, doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0473.
[23] C. Zhang, L. Shi, and F. S. Wang, “Liver injury in COVID-19: management and challenges,” Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol., vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 428–430, 2020, doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30057-1.
[24] M. Cascella, M. Rajnik, A. Aleem, S. C. Dulebohn, and R. Di Napoli, “Features, evaluation, and treatment of coronavirus (COVID-19),” Statpearls [internet], 2022. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554776/
[25] N. Yancheva and R. Tzonev, “A case of late presentation of darunavir-related cholestatic hepatitis,” Int. J. STD AIDS, vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 620–622, 2019, doi: 10.1177/0956462419826723.
[26] H. Jaeschke, M. R. McGill, and A. Ramachandran, “Oxidant stress, mitochondria, and cell death mechanisms in drug-induced liver injury: Lessons learned from acetaminophen hepatotoxicity,” Drug Metab. Rev., vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 88–106, 2012, doi: 10.3109/03602532.2011.602688.