Ion-Pair Complex of Trimethoprim with Alizarin Yellow and its Determination and Extraction by LLE and DLLME
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
For the analysis of trimethoprim medication in its pure form and pharmaceutical formulations, precise and accurate microextraction techniques with UV-Vis measurement have been developed and confirmed. In this study, LLE and DLLME procedures were utilized for the separation, pre-concentration, and evaluation of trimethoprim in pure form and pharmaceutical preparations by UV-Vis spectroscopy at 390 nm. The method was validated and applied to the evaluation of trimethoprim in pharmaceutical formulations. Several experimental factors containing the type of dispersive and extraction solvents and their volumes, pH, temperature, and centrifuging time were carried out. Under the ideal conditions, the procedures were linear in the range of 2–45 and 1-10 mg/L, with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9961 and 0.9992 for LLE and DLLME, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) was 1.52 and 0.21 mg/L. Recovery of the target analyte in pharmaceutical formulations was 99.3%-104.9%.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Tikrit Journal of Pure Science is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which allows users to copy, create extracts, abstracts, and new works from the article, alter and revise the article, and make commercial use of the article (including reuse and/or resale of the article by commercial entities), provided the user gives appropriate credit (with a link to the formal publication through the relevant DOI), provides a link to the license, indicates if changes were made, and the licensor is not represented as endorsing the use made of the work. The authors hold the copyright for their published work on the Tikrit J. Pure Sci. website, while Tikrit J. Pure Sci. is responsible for appreciate citation of their work, which is released under CC-BY-4.0, enabling the unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction of an article in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited.
References
[1] N. Theia’a and I. A. Hamody, “Spectrophotometric determination of trimethoprim using 2, 4-dinitro-1-fluorobenzene reagent,” J. Educ. Sci., vol. 24, no. 51, 2011.
[2] S. Garwacki, J. Lewicki, M. Wiechetek, S. Grys, J. Rutkowski, and M. Zaremba, “A study of the pharmacokinetics and tissue residues of an oral trimethoprim/sulphadiazine formulation in healthy pigs,” J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther., vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 423–430, 1996.
[3] S. Z. Qureshi, M. I. H. Helaleh, N. Rahman, and R. Jamhour, “Spectrophotometric determination of trimethoprim by oxidation in drug formulations,” Fresenius. J. Anal. Chem., vol. 357, no. 7, pp. 1005–1007, 1997.
[4] J.-C. Wang, Q. Zhang, and D.-F. Cai, “Stability-indicating validated HPLC method for analysis of berberine hydrochloride and trimethoprim in pharmaceutical dosage form,” J. Chem., vol. 2013, 2013.
[5] S. R. Bushby and G. H. Hitchings, “Trimethoprim, a sulphonamide potentiator.,” Br. J. Pharmacol. Chemother., vol. 33, no. 1, p. 72, 1968.
[6] P. A. Masters, T. A. O’Bryan, J. Zurlo, D. Q. Miller, and N. Joshi, “Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole revisited,” Arch. Intern. Med., vol. 163, no. 4, pp. 402–410, 2003.
[7] B. Pharmacopeia, “The Requirements of the 5th Ed. of the European Pharmacopoeia.” CD-Rom, 2005.
[8] S. J. Shakkor, N. J. Aead, and M. H. Baker, “Spectrophotometric Determination of Trimethoprim in Pharmaceutical Formulation via Schiff base Reaction using Prepared Organic Reagents.” International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology,vol.11, issue 2, pp.330-334,2021.
[9] H. MG Alzahawy, A. M Attia, and E. K Abdallah, “Synthesis and identification of four membered rings heterocyclic compounds derived from trimethoprim,” Kirkuk Univ. Journal-Scientific Stud., vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 38–50, 2016.
[10] O. A. Nief, H. M. G. Alzahawy, E. K. Abdallah, and A. M. Attia, “Synthesis and identification of Five Membered Rings Heterocyclic Compounds Derived from Trimethoprim,” Al-Nahrain J. Sci., no. 1, pp. 1–7, 2018.
[11] O. A. Adegoke, C. P. Babalola, O. A. Kotila, and O. Obuebhor, “Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole following charge-transfer complexation with chloranilic acid,” Arab. J. Chem., vol. 10, pp. S3848–S3860, 2017.
[12] G. Stojković, E. Dimitrieska-Stojković, M. Soklevska, and R. Velev, “Optimization, validation and application of UV-Vis spectrophotometric-colorimetric methods for determination of trimethoprim in different medicinal products,” Maced. Vet. Rev., vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 65–76, 2016.
[13] A. M. R. Raauf, H. M. Ali, and H. Hameid, “Spectrophotometric Determination of Trimethoprim in Pure Form and Pharmaceutical Formulations with Metol and potassium hexacyanoferrate (ΙΙΙ),” Tikret J. Pharm. Sci., vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 217–228, 2012.
[14] P. Nagaraja, A. K. Shrestha, A. Shivakumar, and A. K. Gowda, “Spectrophotometric determination of chloroquine, pyrimethamine and trimethoprim by ion pair extraction in pharmaceutical formulation and urine,” J. Food Drug Anal., vol. 18, no. 4, 2010.
[15] Q. N. Rashid and Z. T. Khattab, “Spectrophotometric determination of drug
compounds in pure forms and in the pharmaceutical preparations,” in IOP conference series: materials science and engineering, 2018, vol. 454, no. 1, p. 12112.
[16] S. T. Hassib, A. E. Farag, and E. F. Elkady, “Liquid chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods for the determination of erythromycin stearate and trimethoprim in tablets,” Bull. Fac. Pharmacy, Cairo Univ., vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 81–89, 2011.
[17] N. M. El-Abasawy, K. A. M. Attia, A. A. Abo-Serie, R. A. Said, and A. A. Almrasy, “HPLC Method for Determination of Binary Mixture of Phenazopyridine Hydrochlride and Trimethoprim in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Preparation,” World J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci., vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 1186–1193, 2018.
[18] N. Malesic Eleftheriadou, A. Ofrydopoulou, M. Papageorgiou, and D. Lambropoulou, “Development of novel polymer supported nanocomposite GO/TiO2 films, based on poly (L-lactic acid) for photocatalytic applications,” Appl. Sci., vol. 10, no. 7, p. 2368, 2020.
[19] S. A. Abrahem, A. M. Abass, and A. Ahmed, “Trimethoprim Determination with Drug-Selective Electrodes,” Asian J Pharm Clin Res, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 83–87, 2019.
[20] N. K. Kareem, M. Z. Thani, and K. F. Al-Rawi, “New approach for determination of Phenylephrine HCl in Pure and Pharmaceutical Formulation using a various Microextraction Methods,” Res. J. Pharm. Technol., vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 1648–1652, 2022.
[21] N. K. Kareem and K. F. Al-Rawi, “New microextraction methods for the evaluation of bromhexine HCl in pure and pharmacological formulations.,” Egypt. J. Chem., vol. 65, no. 4, pp. 1–2, 2022.
[22] D. D. Perrin, Buffers for pH and metal ion control. Springer Science & Business Media, 2012.
[23] T. D. Nguyen, H. B. Le, T. O. Dong, and T. D. Pham, “Determination of fluoroquinolones in pharmaceutical formulations by extractive spectrophotometric methods using ion-pair complex formation with bromothymol blue,” J. Anal. Methods Chem., vol. 2018, 2018.
[24] A. Rashidy, A. A. Mohammed, K. A. Al Badrany, and G. M. Al Garagoly, “Spectrophotometric Determination of Sulphamethoxazole Drug by New Pyrazoline Derived from 2, 4-Dinitro Phenyl Hydrazine,” in Materials Science Forum, 2020, vol. 1002, pp. 350–359.
[25] O. Tzamaloukas, V. Goulas, C. Angastinioti Moditi, and A. Andreou, “A rapid HPLC method for the determination of sulphonamides and trimethoprim in feed premixes,” J. Anim. Feed Sci., 2014.
[26] O. O. Ayejuyo, N. Courage, M. O. Hamed, and O. J. Oladipo, “LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF SULPHAMETHOXAZOLE AND TRIMETHOPRIM IN PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATIONS,” UNILAG J. Med. Sci. Technol., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 120–132, 2016.
[27] S. P. Reddy, S. V. M. Vardhan, K. B. Krishna, and C. Rambabu, “Extractive spectrophotometric determination of trimethoprim in pharmaceutical formulations.” ACAIJ, 2014.
[28] D. YUVALI and İ. Narin, “Simultaneous determination of sulfachloropyridazine and trimethoprim in veterinary formulations by hplc,” Cumhur. Sci. J., vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 239–244, 2020.