A study of mineralized water using geophysical and hydrogeochemical approaches in Khwelen salt ponds, Sangaw, Sulaymaniyah, NE of Iraq
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Groundwater is the main source of Khwelen village for domestic and household purposes, furthermore for salt production via salt evaporation ponds. Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and hydrogeochemical approaches are used to understand the regime and distribution patterns of different types of mineralized water flowing through several springs and wells in a restricted area does not exceed 0.14 Km2. The high salty one using for producing salt for more than hundreds of years and the sulfurous one that has bad odder. The area is covered by Fatha Formation which has four types of depositional cycles, two of them are considered as impermeable layers they are claystone and marlstone, the others are Limestone and Gypsum layers that characterized by highly fractured and caverns. The inverse sections of the resistivity imaging showing the occurrence of 22 caves of different sizes and at different depths. They are classified into two groups, 10 cavities detected in the Gypsum layers showing high resistivity ranging from 350 Ohm.m to 1200 Ohm.m, they are most probably making the underground paths of the sulfurous groundwater. The second group is 12 cavities appear in the limestone layers of the Fatha Formation and they are showing very low resistivity ranging from 0.4 Ohm.m to 4 Ohm.m and forming excellent paths of the high salty underground water. ERT shows high applicability for finding the boundary between the saline and sulfurous mineralized water.
The groundwater chemistry is controlled by many overriding factors which are: dissolution, mineral precipitation, cation exchange, and salinization, besides the effects of localized topography, mixing, and geology. These processes are proved from the results of ionic concentrations, saturation indices, HFE diagram, and oxygen and hydrogen stable isotopes.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Tikrit Journal of Pure Science is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which allows users to copy, create extracts, abstracts, and new works from the article, alter and revise the article, and make commercial use of the article (including reuse and/or resale of the article by commercial entities), provided the user gives appropriate credit (with a link to the formal publication through the relevant DOI), provides a link to the license, indicates if changes were made, and the licensor is not represented as endorsing the use made of the work. The authors hold the copyright for their published work on the Tikrit J. Pure Sci. website, while Tikrit J. Pure Sci. is responsible for appreciate citation of their work, which is released under CC-BY-4.0, enabling the unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction of an article in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited.
References
[1] Caballero, B., Trugo, L. and Finglas, P. (2003). Encyclopedia of food sciences and nutrition: Volumes 1-10. Encyclopedia of food sciences and nutrition: Volumes 1-10., (Ed. 2):6000 pp.
[2] Reman, R. (1942). Sifali sulari kullanmak ilmi Balneologi ve şifalı kaynaklarımız, Istanbul, Cumhuriyet matbaası:549 pp. [3] Ford, D. and Williams, P.D. (2013). Karst hydrogeology and geomorphology. John Wiley & Sons:1074 pp.
[4] Frisia, S. and Borsato, A. (2010). Karst in Alonso-Zarza, A.M. and Tanner, L.H (Eds.) Carbonates in continental settings. Elsevier, Amsterdam: 269-318.
[5] Gunn, J. (2004). Encyclopedia of caves and karst science, Fitzroy Dean, New York:1940 pp.
[6] Williams, P. W. (1983). Speleothem dates, Quaternary terraces and uplift rates in New Zealand, Nature, 298: 257-260
[7] Williams, P. W. (2008). The role of the epikarst in karst and cave hydrogeology: a review, International Journal of Speleology, 27:1-10. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1827-806X.37.1.1.
[8] White, W. B. and Culver, D. C. (2005). Cave definition of, in Encyclopedia of Caves, Eds. Culver, D. C. and White, W. B., Elsevier Academic Press, London, United Kingdom: 674 pp.
[9] Alonso-Zarza, A. M., Martín-Pérez, A., Martín-García, R., Gil-Peña, I., Meléndez, A., Martínez-Flores, E., Hellstrom, J. and Muñoz-Barco, P. (2011). Structural and host rock controls on the distribution, morphology and mineralogy of speleothems in the Castañar Cave (Spain). Geological Magazine, 148 (2): 211-225.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756810000506.
[10] Bell, F. G.; Waltham, T.; Culshaw, M. (2005). Sinkholes and subsidence. Karst and cavernous rocks in engineering and construction. 1st ed. Berlin: Springer-Verlag:405 pp.
[11] Aziz, B.K. (2005). Electrical Imaging: 2D Resistivity Tomography as a tool for groundwater studies at Mahmudia Village, West Sulaimani City, Iraqi Kurdistan Region, Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani- Part A (JZS-A), 8(1):7-16.
[12] Aziz, B.K., and Baban, E.N. (2013). Karst cavity detection in carbonate rocks by integration of high resolution geophysical methods, Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani- Part A (JZS-A),15(1):159-171. [13] Yalcin, T., Özürlan, G. and Cekirge, N. (2007). Hydrogeochemical and geophysical investigation of the Istanbul Tuzla–Icmeler spring area for environmental and land use planning purposes. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 132(1-3):125-140. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-9508-y. [14] Boiero, D., Godio, A., Naldi, M. and Yigit, E. (2010). Geophysical investigation of a mineral groundwater resource in Turkey. Hydrogeology journal, 18(5):1219-1233. DOI: 10.1007/s10040-010-0604-2. [15] Nordiana, M.M., Bery, A.A., Taqiuddin, Z.M., Jinmin, M. and Abir, I.A. (2018), April. 2-D electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) assessment of ground failure in urban area. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 995(1): 012076. [16] Costall, A., Harris, B. and Pigois, J.P. (2018). Electrical resistivity imaging and the saline water interface in high-quality coastal aquifers. Surveys in geophysics, 39(4):753-816. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-018-9468-0
[17] Kharajiany S. O. A. (2008). Sedimentary facies of Oligocene rock units in Ashdagh mountain- Sangaw district- Kurdistan region-NE Iraq, M.Sc. thesis, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq: 116 pp.
[18] Kharajiany S. O. A. (2013). The Middle Oligocene Rock Strata (Tarjil Formation) in Ashdagh Mountain, Sangaw District, Sulaimani Governorate, Kurdistan Region , NE Iraq. Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani- Part A (JZS-A), 15(3).
[19] Kharajiany S. O. A. (2014). Occurrence of early and middle Miocene rocks (Euphrates, Dhiban and Jeribe Formations) in Ashdagh Mountain, Sangaw area, Sulaimanyah vicinity, NE Iraq. Iraqi Bulletin of Geology and Mining, 10(1):21-39.
[20] Jassim, S. Z. and Guff, J. C. (2006). Geology of Iraq. Jassim (Eds.) D. G. Geo Survey. Min. Invest. Publication. 445 pp. [21] Khanaqa, P.A. and Al-Manmi, D.A. (2011). Hydrogeochemistry and geomicrobiology of Darzila spring in Sangaw, Sulaimaniyah, NE Iraq. Iraqi Bulletin of Geology and Mining, 7(3):63-79.
[22] Al-Mirally, T. H. (2006). Study of geophysical evidences to define properties of some structures at low folded zone in Kurdistan Region-Iraq, M.Sc. Thesis, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq:119 pp.
[23] Dartash, N.M.O. (2012). Hydrogeology and geoelectrical studies of groundwater in part of Chamchamal area Kurdistan region NE-Iraq, M.Sc. thesis, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq: 144 pp.
[24] Buday, T. (1980). The Regional Geology of Iraq, Vol. I. Stratigraphy and Paleogeography. I.I.M. Kassab and S.Z.Jassim (Eds). SOM, Baghdad, Dar El Kutib Publ. House, Univ. of Mosul: 445pp.
[25] Siether, A. (2012). Isotopic and Geomicrobiological investigation of Darzila Karst Cave, NE Iraq. Diploma project, Technical university of Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany:151 pp. [26] Stevanovic, Z. and Markovic, M.(2004b). Hydrogeology of Northern Iraq, General Hydrogeology and Aquifer Systems, Vol.2. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome: 246 pp.
[27] Heiland, K. (2012). Hydrogeochemical investigation of Darzila karst cave, NE Iraq. Diploma thesis. TU Bergakademie Freiberg. Fakultät für
Geowissenschaften, Geotechnik und Bergbau, Germany: 121 pp.
[28] Al-Hafeed. S.B.I. (2016). Reconstructing of paleoclimate through hydrogeological and environmental studies of Shalaii Cave, SE of Sangaw, Iraqi Kurdistan Region, M.Sc. thesis, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq: 154 pp.
[29] Baba Sheikh, S. M. (2000). Hydrochemistry of cave and spring waters in (Sangaw-Chamchamal), Sulaimani Governance. M.Sc. thesis, Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq:123 pp.
[30] Dahlin, T., Bernstone, C. and Loke, M.H. (2002). A 3-D resistivity investigation of a contaminated site at Lernacken, Sweden. Geophysics, 67(6): 1692-1700.
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1527070.
[31] Xu, Y., Schoonen, M.A.A., Nordstrom, D.K., Cunningham, K.M., Ball, J.W. (1998). Sulfur geochemistry of hydrothermal waters in Yellostone National Park: I. The origin of thiosulfate in hot spring waters. Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta, 62 (23/24) :3729–2743. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00269-5.
[32] Lauerwald, F., (2007). Sulfur geochemistry of hot springs at Yellowstone National Park - Investigating the importance of sulfur oxidation versus microbial sulfate reduction by species selective sampling and isotopic investigations (Diploma thesis). Universität Bayreuth TU BAF, Germany:115 pp.
[33] Maria, C., 1997. Environmental Sampling and Analysis Lab Manual, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, USA:373 pp. [34] Al-Manmi, D.A.M.A.(2018). Environmental isotopes and stochastic modeling study to evaluate Tabin and Sarchnar springs, Kurdistan region-Iraq. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 147:312-321. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2018.06.030.
[35] Federation, W.E., American Public Health Association (APHA). (2017). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 23th ed. American Public Health Association (APHA), Washington, DC, USA:1545 pp. [36] Adams, S., Titus, R., Pietersen, K., Tredoux, G. and Harris, C.(2001). Hydrochemical characteristics of aquifers near Sutherland in the Western Karoo, South Africa. Journal of hydrology, 241(1-2):91-103. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00370-X. [37] Freeze, R.A., J.A. Cherry. (1979). Groundwater. Prentive-hall, Englewood cliffs, NJ: 604 pp.
[38] Palmer, A. N.; Palmer, M. V. (2004). Sulfate-carbonate interactions in the development of karst. Northeastern geology and environmental science, 26 (1): 93–106.
[39] Worden, R.H; Smalley, P.C. (1996). H2S-producing reactions in deep carbonate gas reservoirs: Khuff Formation, Abu Dhabi. Chemical Geology, 133: 157–171. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(96)00074-5. [40] Machel, H.G. (2001). Bacterial and thermochemical sulfate reduction in diagenetic settings - old and new insights. Sedimentary Geology, 140 (1-2): 143–175. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(00)00176-7.
[41] Drever, J.I., (1997). The Geochemistry of natural water, surface and groundwater environments, 3rd ed., Prentice Hall, USA: 436 pp.
[42] Ball, J.W. and Nordstrom, D.K. (2003). WATEQ4F. A computer program for calculating speciation of major, trace and redox elements in natural water. USGS, Open file Report: 91-189.
[43] Palmer, A. N. (2007). Cave geology. Dayton, Ohio: Cave Books:454 pp.
[44] Matthess, Georg. 1994. Lehrbuch der Hydrogeologie. 3rd edn. Berlin: Borntraeger, Germany: 575 pp. [45] Giménez‐Forcada, E. (2010). Dynamic of sea water interface using hydrochemical facies evolution diagram. Groundwater, 48(2):212-216. DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2009.00649.x.
[46] Giménez‐Forcada, E. Sánchez San Román, F.J. (2015). An Excel macro to plot the HFE‐diagram to identify seawater intrusion phases. Groundwater, 53(5): 819-824. DOI: 10.1111/gwat.12280.