The relationship between Apelin and some Biochemical variants in diabetic patients
Main Article Content
Abstract
The study aimed to determine the effect of changes in apelin hormone in patients with diabetes of both types, and the positive impact when increasing its concentration in the body, the study included 136 patients of various ages which compared with 25 healthy individual as control group, The results showed that:
There was a significant increase in the apelin conc. (P≤0.05)in diabetic patients type 2 compared with control group and type 1.
And there was a significant increase (P≤0.01) in the glucose concentration compared with control group,
And a significant decrease (P≤0.01) in glutathione conc. compared with the control.
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Tikrit Journal of Pure Science is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which allows users to copy, create extracts, abstracts, and new works from the article, alter and revise the article, and make commercial use of the article (including reuse and/or resale of the article by commercial entities), provided the user gives appropriate credit (with a link to the formal publication through the relevant DOI), provides a link to the license, indicates if changes were made, and the licensor is not represented as endorsing the use made of the work. The authors hold the copyright for their published work on the Tikrit J. Pure Sci. website, while Tikrit J. Pure Sci. is responsible for appreciate citation of their work, which is released under CC-BY-4.0, enabling the unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction of an article in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited.
References
1. McCarthy, M. I. and Zeggini, E. Genome-wide association studies in type 2 diabetes. Curr. Diabetes Rep. 2009. 9(2), 164-171.
2. King, M. W. The medical biochemistry page. Terre Haute Center for Medical Education,.2004; Pp. 171-175.
3. Tatemoto, K.,Hosoya, M., Habata, Y., Fujii, R., Kakegawa, T., Zou, M. X. et al. (1998). Isolation and characterization of a novel endogenous peptide
ligand for the human APJ receptor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 251(2), 471-6.
4. Szokodi, I., Tavi, P., Földes, G., Voutilainen-Myllylä, S., Ilves, M., Tokola, H. et al. (2002). Apelin, the novel endogenous ligand of the orphan receptor APJ, regulates cardiac contractility. Circ. Res., 91(5), 434-40.
5. Szokodi, I., Tavi, P., Földes, G., Voutilainen-Myllylä, S., Ilves, M., Tokola, H. et al. (2002). Apelin, the novel endogenous ligand of the orphan
receptor APJ, regulates cardiac contractility. Circulation research, 91(5), 434-440.
6. Lee, D. K., Cheng, R., Nguyen, T., Fan, T., Kariyawasam, A. P., Liu, Y. et al. (2000). Characterization of apelin, the ligand for the APJ receptor. J. Neurochem., 74(1), 34-41.
7. Tatemoto, K., Takayama, K., Zou, M. X., Kumaki, I., Zhang, W., Kumano, K. and Fujimiya, M. (2001). The novel peptide apelin lowers blood pressure via a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism. Regul. Pept., 99(2), 87-92.
8. Vickers, C., Hales, P., Kaushik, V., Dick, L., Gavin, J., Tang, J. et al. (2002). Hydrolysis of biological peptides by human angiotensin-converting enzyme-related carboxypeptidase. J. Biol. Chem., 277(17), 14838-14843.
9. Japp, A. G., Cruden, N. L., Barnes, G., Van Gemeren, N., Mathews, J., Adamson, J. et al. (2010). Acute cardiovascular effects of apelin in humans potential role in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation, 121(16), 1818-1827.
10. Pitkin, S. L., Maguire, J. J., Bonner, T. I. and Davenport, A. P. (2010). International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXIV. Apelin receptor nomenclature, distribution, pharmacology, and function. Pharmacol. rev., 62(3), 331-342.
11. Kleinz, M. J., Skepper, J. N. and Davenport, A. P. (2005). Immunocytochemicallocalisation of the apelin receptor, APJ, to human cardiomyocytes, vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells. Regul. Pept., 126(3), 233-240.
12. Kleinz, M. J. and Davenport, A. P. (2004). Immunocytochemical localization of the endogenous vasoactive peptide apelin to human vascular and endocardial endothelial cells. Regul. Pept., 118(3), 119-125.
13. Glassford, A. J., Yue, P., Sheikh, A. Y., Chun, H. J., Zarafshar, S., Chan, D. A. et al. (2007). HIF-1 regulates hypoxia-and insulin-induced expression of apelin in adipocytes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 293(6), E1590-E1596.
14. Yu, L. Glutathione, why we need it every day. Free radic. Biol. Med.2003. 77: 222.
15. Lu, S. C. Glutathione synthesis. Biochimicaet Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects, 2013. 1830(5), 3143-3153.
16. Castan - Laurell, I., Boucher, J., Dray, C., Daviaud, D., Guigné, C. and Valet, P. (2005). Apelin, a novel adipokine over-produced in obesity: friend or foe?. Mol. Ccell. Endocrinol., 245(1), 7-9.
17. Cavallo, M. G., Sentinelli, F., Barchetta, I., Costantino, C., Incani, M., Perra, L. et al. (2012). Altered glucose homeostasis is associated with increased serum apelin levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus. PloS one, 7(12), e51236.
18. Boucher, J., Masri, B., Daviaud, D., Gesta, S., Guigné, C., Mazzucotelli, A. et al. (2005). Apelin, a newly identified adipokineup-regulated by insulin and obesity. Endocrinology, 146(4), 1764-1771.
19. Soriguer, F., Garrido-Sanchez, L., Garcia-Serrano, S., Garcia-Almeida, J. M., Garcia-Arnes, J., Tinahones, F. J. et al. (2009). Apelin levels are increased in morbidly obese subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Obes. Surg., 19(11), 1574-1580.
20. Yue, P., Jin, H., Aillaud, M., Deng, A. C., Azuma, J., Asagami, T. et al. (2010). Apelin is necessary for the maintenance of insulin sensitivity. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 298(1), E59-E67.
21. Guo, L., Li, Q., Wang, W., Yu, P., Pan, H., Li, P. et al. (2009). Apelin inhibits insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells by activation of PI3-kinase-phosphodiesterase 3B. Endocr. Res., 34(4), 142-154.
22. Krysiak, R., Gdula-Dymek, A., Bachowski, R. and Okopień, B. (2010). Pleiotropic effects of atorvastatin and fenofibrate in metabolic syndrome and different types of prediabetes. Diabetes Care, 33: 2266-2270
23. Heinonen, M. V., Laaksonen, D. E., Karhu, T., Karhunen, L., Laitinen, T., Kainulainen, S. et al. (2009). Effect of diet-induced weight loss on plasma apelin and cytokine levels in individuals with the metabolic syndrome. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis., 19(9), 626-633.
24. Castan - Laurell, I., Dray, C., Attané, C., Duparc, T., Knauf, C. and Valet, P. (2011). Apelin, diabetes, and obesity. Endocrine, 40(1), 1-9.
- Haffiner, S.M., Am.J .cardiol., (1999), 83(9B) 17F-21F.
25. Vital, P., Larrieta, E. and Hiriart, M. (2006). Sexual dimorphism in insulin sensitivity and susceptibility to develop diabetes in rats. J. endocrinol., 190(2), 425-432.
27. Pastore, A., Ciampalini, P., Tozzi, G., Pecorelli, L., Passarelli, C., Bertini, E. et al. (2012). All glutathione forms are depleted in blood of obese and type 1 diabetic children. Pediatr. diabetes, 13(3), 272-277.
28. Rahigude, A., Bhutada, P., Kaulaskar, S., Aswar, M. and Otari, K. (2012). Participation of antioxidant and cholinergic system in protective effect of naringenin against type-2 diabetes-induced memory dysfunction in rats. Neuroscience, 226, 62-72.
29. Calabrese, V., Cornelius, C., Leso, V., Trovato-Salinaro, A., Ventimiglia, B., Cavallaro, M. et al. (2012). Oxidative stress, glutathione status, sirtuin and cellular stress response in type 2 diabetes. Biochimicaet BiophysicaActa (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease, 1822(5), 729-736.
30. Sekhar, R. V., McKay, S. V., Patel, S. G., Guthikonda, A.P., Reddy, V. T., Balasubramanyam, A. et al. (2011). Glutathione synthesis is diminished in patients with uncontrolled diabetes and restored
by dietary supplementation with cysteine and glycine. Diabetes care, 34(1), 162-167.
31. Tan, K. S., Lee, K. O., Low, K. C., Gamage, A. M., Liu, Y., Tan, G. Y. G. et al. (2012). Glutathione deficiency in type 2 diabetes impairs cytokine responses and control of intracellular bacteria. J. Clin. Invest., 122(6), 2289-2300.
32. Sundaram, R. K., Bhaskar, A., Vijayalingam, S., Viswanathan, M., Mohan, R. and Shanmugasundaram, K. R. (1996). Antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation in type II diabetes mellitus with and without complications. Clin. Sci., 90(4), 255-260.
33. Gougeon, R., Morais, J. A., Chevalier, S., Pereira, S., Lamarche, M. and Marliss, E. B. (2008). Determinants of whole-body protein metabolism in subjects with and without type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 31(1), 128-133.
34. PeerapatditMD, T. (2007). Glutathione and glutathione peroxidase in type 1 diabetic patients. J. Med. Assoc. Thai., 90(9), 1759-67.
35. Nagib, A. M., El-Diasty, A., El Husseny, M. A., El-Gamal, E. M. E., Abbas, M. H., Refaie, A. F. et al. (2015). Apelin and New-Onset Diabetes After Transplant in Living Kidney Allograft Recipients. Exp. Clin. Transplant., 13(4), 319-323.
36. El-Shehaby, A. M., El-Khatib, M. M., Battah, A. A. and Roshdy, A. R. (2010). Apelin: a potential link between inflammation and cardiovascular disease in end stage renal disease patients. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 70(6):421-427.
37. Boucher, J., Masri, B., Daviaud, D., Gesta, S., Guigné, C., Mazzucotelli, A. et al. (2005). Apelin, a newly identified adipokineup-regulated by insulin and obesity. Endocrinology, 146(4), 1764-1771.
38. Charles, C. J. (2007). Putative role for apelin in pressure/volume homeostasis and cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc. Hematol. Agents Med. Chem., 5(1), 1-10.
39. Zhu, S., Sun, F., Li, W., Cao, Y., Wang, C., Wang, Y. et al. (2011). Apelin stimulates glucose uptake through the PI3K/Akt pathway and improves insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Mol. Cell. Biochem., 353(1-2), 305-313.
40. Pham, P. T., Pham, P. M., Pham, S. V., Pham, P. A. and Pham, P. C. (2011). New onset diabetes after transplantation (NODAT): an overview. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes., 4, 175-186.
41. Emam, M. N. (2015). Promoting effect of adipocytokine, apelin, on hepatic injury in caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in rats: Apelin on AP-induced hepatic injury. Alexandria Journal of Medicine.
42. Coskun, Z. M., Sacan, O., Karatug, A., Turk, N., Yanardag, R., Bolkent, S. et al. (2013). Regulation of oxidative stress and somatostatin, cholecystokinin, apelin gene expressions by ghrelin in stomach of newborn diabetic rats. Acta Histochemica, 115(7), 740-747.
43. Sağıroğlu, T., Oğuz, S., Sağıroğlu, G., Yalta, T., Sayhan, M. B. and Yağcı, M. A. (2012). The effects of apelin on mesenteric ischemia and reperfusion damage in an experimental rat model. Balkan Med. J., 2012(2).
44. Batcioglu, K., Gul, M., Uyumlu, A. B. and Esrefoglu, M. (2009). Liver lipid peroxidation and antioxidant capacity in cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res., 42(9), 776-782.
45. Foussal, C., Lairez, O., Calise, D., Pathak, A., Guilbeau - Frugier, C., Valet, P. et al. (2010). Activation of catalase by apelin prevents oxidative stress-linked cardiac hypertrophy. FEBS lett., 584(11), 2363-2370.
46. Chu, J., Zhang, H., Huang, X., Lin, Y., Shen, T., Chen, B. et al. (2013). Apelin ameliorates TNF-α-induced reduction of glycogen synthesis in the hepatocytes through G protein-coupled receptor APJ. PloS one, 8(2), e57231.