Bacteriological and Genetic study of some gram negative bacteria isolated from different infections
Main Article Content
Abstract
There are 30 of bacterial samples were isolated from 45 samples of different infections. These isolates were diagnosed microscopically and by using biochemical tests. ability of their resistance was tested against the following antibiotics: (amoxicillin, tetracycline, cephalexin, nitrofurantoin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, erythromycin, ampicillin, rifampin), and for detection the sites of genes encoding for antibiotic resistance , bacterial conjugation experiments was done for some of bacterial isolates that contain plasmids. Results of bacterial conjugation has revealed that antibiotic resistance genes in isolates (P. aeruginosa (14), E.coli (4)) were present on DNA plasmid , not on chromosome. But the other isolates, we could not find conjugated bacterial colonies for them which indicate that there DNA plasmids do not have auto transmission.
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Tikrit Journal of Pure Science is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which allows users to copy, create extracts, abstracts, and new works from the article, alter and revise the article, and make commercial use of the article (including reuse and/or resale of the article by commercial entities), provided the user gives appropriate credit (with a link to the formal publication through the relevant DOI), provides a link to the license, indicates if changes were made, and the licensor is not represented as endorsing the use made of the work. The authors hold the copyright for their published work on the Tikrit J. Pure Sci. website, while Tikrit J. Pure Sci. is responsible for appreciate citation of their work, which is released under CC-BY-4.0, enabling the unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction of an article in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited.
References
1- Davison, j. (2002). Genetic tools for pseudomonads, Rhizobia, and other gram – negative bacteria. Bio Techniques .Vol.32.No.2 .386-401.
2- Bradley, D. E., D. E. Taylor, and D. R. Cohen.(1980). Specification of surface mating systems among conjugative drug resistance plasmids in Escherichia coli K-12. J. Bacteriol. 143:1466–1470.
3- Cohen, A., W. D. Fisher, R. Curtiss III, and H. I. Adler. (1968). DNA isolated from Escherichia coli minicells mated with F+ cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 61:61–68.
4- Zeph, L. R., Onaga, M. A., Stotzky, G .(1988). Transduction of Escherichia coli by bacteriophage PI in soil . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54: 173 1-37.
5- Shark, K. B . , Smith, F. D . , Harpending, P. R . , Rasmussen, J. L., Sanford, J. C.(1 991) . Biolistic transformation of a procaryote, Bacillus megaterium. Appl. Environ. Microbial. 57:480-85.
6- Shlaes DM., Gerding DN, John JF Jr., Duncan RA and Craig WA. (1997). Society for healthcare epidemiology of America and infections disease society of America joint committee on the prevention of antimicrobial resistance in hospitals. Infect. Contral Hosp Epidemiol. 18: 275-291.
7- Austin Dj., Kristinsson KG., and Anderson RM .(1999). The relationship between the volume of antimicrobial consumption in human communities and
the frequency of resistance . proc. Natl Acad Sci. USA. 96:1152-1156.
8- Shahid M., Malik A., and Sheeba, M. (2003). Multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain harboring R-plasmids and AmpC β-Lactamases isolated from hospitalized burn patients in a tertiary care hospital of North India. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 228(2): 181-186.
9- Shahid M and Malik A.(2004). Plasmid mediated Amikacin resistance in clinical isolates of P.aeruginosa. India J Med. Microbiol. 22(3): 182-184.
10- Mahon, C.R.; Lehman, D.C.; Manuselis, G. (2007). Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology.3rd ed., Saunders Elsevier, USA.
11- Bauer, A. W.; Kirby, W. M. M.; Sherris, J. C. and Turch, M. (1966). Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. Am. J. Pahol., 45: 493-496.
12- Chen, W.; Kuo, T. (1993). A simple and rapid method of gram negative bacterial genomic DNA .Institute of botany and institute of molecular biology, academia sinica ,Taipei 11529,Taiwan,Nucleic acid research ,Vol., No.9.
13- Harley, J.P. and Prescott, L.M.(2002). Laboratory Exercises in Microbiology.5th. ed., McGraw-Hill Companies, USA.
14- Chan, V.L, Sherman, M.P. and Billy, B. (2006) .Bacterial Genom. Infect. Dis. Humana Press, New Jersey.
15- Frost, L. S., K. Ippen - Ihler, and R. A. Skurray. 1994. Analysis of the sequences and gene products of the transfer region of the F sex factor.
16- Brigham, N.(2003). World of Microbiology and Immunology. vol.1 and 2. THOMSON GALE. P: 133_134.
17- Livensone, W. (2008). Microbiology and Immunology. 10 th ed. MacGrow-Hill. U.S.A.
18- Vila J, Gallardo F, Vargas M, Soler L, Figueras MJ, and Gascon J. (2003). Aeromonas spp. And traveler s diarrhea: clinical features and antimicrobial resistance. Emerg Infect Dis, 9(5):552-555.
19- Prescott, LM, Harly JP , Klein DA. (2008). Microbiology. 7 th ed. McGrow-Hill.
20- Brooks, G.F., Butel, J.S., and Morse, S.A. (2007). Jawetz, Melnick & Adelberg s Msdical Microbiology. 24 th ed. Lange/ McGrow-Hill. New York.
21- Golub, E. I., and K. B. Low. 1985. Conjugative Plasmids of enteric bacteria from many different incompatibility groups have similar genes for single-stranded DNA-binding proteins. J. Bacterial.162:235-241.
22- Benson. (2001). Microbiological Application Laboratory Manual. 8 th ed. McGrow-Hill company.
23- Davis J (1994) Inactivation of antibiotics and the dissemination of resistance genes. J. Science . 264: 375-382.
24- Amabile CF, Cardenas-Garcia M, and Ludger M, (1995) Antibiotic resistance mechanisms Preventing antibiotics from killing bacteria are appearing much faster than ways of resistance. J. Am Sci. 83:320-329.
25- Cheah, K. C., and R. Skurry. 1986. The F plasmid carries an IS 3 Isertion within finO. J. Gen. Microbiol. 132:3269-3275.
26- Yoshioka, Y., H. Ohtsubo, and E. Ohtsubo. 1987. Repressor gene finO in plasmids R100 and F:constitutive transfer of plasmid F is caused by insertion of IS 3 into F finO. J. Bacteriol. 169:619-623.
27- Helmuth, R., and M. Achtman. 1987. Cell-cell interaction in conjugating Escherichia coli: purification of F pili with biological activity . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75:1237-1241.
28- Mazodar, P., and J. Davis. 1991. Gene transfer between distantly related bacteria. Annu. Rev. Genet. 25: 147-171.
29- Novotny, C., W. S. Knight, and C. C. Brinton, Jr. 1968. Inhibition 0f bacterial conjugation by ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid male-specific bacteriophages. J. Bacteriol.95:314-326.
30- Carattooli A (2003) Plasmid-mediated antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica. Mol. Biol. 5: 113-122.
31- Ippen, K. A., and R.C., Valentine. 1976 . The sex hair of E.coli as sensory fiber , conjugation tube , or mating arm ? Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 27:674-680.
32- Heinemann, J. A., and G. F. Sprague, Jr. 1989. Bacterial conjugative plasmids mobilize DNA transfer between bacteria and yaest . Nature (London)340:205-209.
33- Gaffney, D., R,. Skurray, and N., Willetts. 1983. Regulation of the F conjugation genes studied by hybridization and tra-lacZfusion. J. Mol.Biol. 168:103-122.
34- Meervenne EV, Coilie EV, Kerckhof FM. et al. (2012) Strain specific transfer of antibiotic resistance from an environmental Plasmid to foodborne pathogens. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology. doi: 1155/2012/834598.
35- Linton AH (1986) Flow of resistance genes in the environment and from animal to man. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 15: 385-386.
36- Lessl, M., and E. Lanka. (1994). Common mechanisms in bacterial conjugation and Ti-mediated T-DNA transfer to plant cells. Cell
77:321-324.