Antimicrobial activity of Loranthus europaeus L. and Lawsonia inermis L. extracts against clinical Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from boil infections
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study included to collect 106 samples boil swab from patients, males and females, at Baqubah Teaching Hospital whose ages ranged between (1-80) years old. At the period of 1st July 2016 to the end of January 2017. Aimed to identification of bacterial isolates and determine the antibiotic resistance of isolates. In addition to determine the activity of aqueous and alcohol of Loranthus europaeus and Lawsonia inermis extracts on bacterial isolates. The results showed a significant difference (p <0.05) in the percentage of infected females (58.49%) compared to the infected males (41.51%). The study involved isolation and diagnosis of (41) (38.67%) of Staphylococcus aureus, of which, 5 (12.20%) were methicillin-resistant isolates. Bacterial isolates were identified initially depending on cultural and microscopic features and biochemical reactions test. Antibiotics sensitivity of Staph. aureus conducted for 14 β-lactam antibiotic groups. All of bacterial isolates (100%) were resistant to ceftriaxone, cefotaxime and cefepime, and (92.68%) to cefoxitin and penicillin G, while (100%) of isolates were sensitive to Imipenem and Meropenem. Regarding plant extracts, various concentrations of hot aqueous extracts were prepared for each one of them (12.5, 25, 50, 100 and 200) mg/ml against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus. When Loranthus europaeus’s extract was used, the diameters of inhibition zone were (14.57, 15.28,16.00, 23.71 and 25.00 mm) while (0.00, 11.85, 18.00, 21.28 and 24.14 mm) when Lawsonia inermis’s extract was used. Like aqueous extracts, same range of concentrations were prepared for alcoholic extracts. The diameters of inhibition zone were (7.57, 8.42, 10.57,13.28, 17.28), (11.14, 17.00, 20.85, 25.42, 28.42) when alcoholic extracts of Loranthus europaeus and Lawsonia inermis, respectively were used. Comparing the activity of hot and alcoholic aqueous extracts of the tested plants, alcoholic extracts of Lawsonia inermis had a higher inhibitory effect against S. aureus isolates.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Tikrit Journal of Pure Science is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which allows users to copy, create extracts, abstracts, and new works from the article, alter and revise the article, and make commercial use of the article (including reuse and/or resale of the article by commercial entities), provided the user gives appropriate credit (with a link to the formal publication through the relevant DOI), provides a link to the license, indicates if changes were made, and the licensor is not represented as endorsing the use made of the work. The authors hold the copyright for their published work on the Tikrit J. Pure Sci. website, while Tikrit J. Pure Sci. is responsible for appreciate citation of their work, which is released under CC-BY-4.0, enabling the unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction of an article in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited.
References
1- El-Gilany, Abdel-Hady, and Fathy, H. (2009). Risk factors of recurrent furunculosis. Dermatology Online Journal 15 (1): 16 .
2-Ibler, K. S. and Kromann ,B .C.( 2014) . Recurrent furunculosis – challenges and management: a review.J. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology . (7): 59–64. 3-Moxnes, J.F.; de Blasio, B.F.; Leegaard, T.M. and Moen, A.E.(2013). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is increasing in Norway: a time series analysis of reported MRSA and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus cases 1997-2010 .J.PLoS One. 8(8): 70499
4- Hafeez, R.; Chughtai, S. A. and Aslam, M. (2004). Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Int. J. of Pathology. 2(1):10-15.
5- Jensen, S. O.; Lyon, B. R. (2009). Genetics of antimicrobial resistance in. Staphylococcus aureus .J. Future Microbiol. 4 (5): 565- 582.
6-Chan, C. L.; Gillbert , A.; Basuino, L. Hamitton, K. and Chatterjee, S. S.(2016). PBP4 mediates high-level resistance to new generation cephalosporins in Staphylococcus aureus. J. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. ACC. 00358 -16 :1-24. 7-Boyle-Vavra, S.and Daum, R. S .(2007). Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: the role of Panton-Valentine leucocidin. J. Lab. Invest. 87 (1): 3–9.
8-El-Mahmood, M. and Amedh, J. M. (2007). In vitro antibacterial activity of Parkiabiglobosa (Jacq) root bark extract against some microorganisms associated with urinary tract infections. Afri . J. Biotech. 6(11):1272-1275.
9-Hosseinzadeh, S.; Jafarikukhdan, A.; Hosseini, A. and Armand, R. (2015). The Application of Medicinal Plants in Traditional and Modern Medicine: A Review of Thymus vulgaris. Int. J. of Clinical Medicine. 6: 635-642.
10-AL-Jubory,S.Y.(2010). Extraction and Identification of some active compounds from Alhagimaurorum, Lawsonia inermis and Rhuscoriari Plants and Evaluating some of their Biological effects .Ph.D.Thesis . college of science KufaUni .
11-Akter, A.; Neela, F. A.; Khan, M. S. I.; Islam, M. S. and Alam, M. F. (2010). Screening of Ethanol, Petroleum Ether and Chloroform Extracts of Medicinal Plants, Lawsonia inermis L. and Mimosa pudica L. for Antibacterial Activity. Indian J. of Pharmaceutical Sciences . 388-392.
12-Bairagi, G. B.; Kabra , A. O. and Mandade, R. J. (2011). Anthelmintic Activity of Citrus medica L. leaves in Indian Adult Earth worm. Int. J. of Pharm. Tech. Research. 3(2): 664-667
13-Osadebe, P.o.; Okide ,G.B. and Akabogu, I.C. (2004). Study on anti-diabetic activity of crude methanolic extracts of loranthusmicranthus(linn) sourced from five different host trees. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 95:133-138
14- Habif, T. P. (2016). Sexually Transmitted Viral Infection. In: Clinical Dermatology, Chapter 11, 6th Edition, Mosby Inc. Toronto. 418-447.
15--Brooks, G. I.; Butel, J. S. and Morse, S. A. (2010). Jawetz, Melnick and Adelberg's Medical Microbiology .22nd ed. McGraw – Hill Inc. New York.
16-Macfaddin, J. F. (2000). Biochemical test for identification of Medical bacteria 3rded. The williams and wilkins. Baltimor . USA.
17-Kloos,W. E. and Schleifer, K. H. (1975). Isolation and Characterization of Staphylococcus from human skin .II Description of four new species :S. Aureus, S. capitis, S. hominis and S. simulans. J. Bacteriol. 25:62-79 .
18- CLSI. (2008). Performance Standaras for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, 15th Informational Suoppolement, M100-S15. Wayne, PA: clincal and Laboratory Standards Institutes.
19-Parekh, J. and Chanada, S. (2007) .In vitro antimicrobial activity and analysis of some Indian medicinal plant . Turk. J. Bio. 13:53-58.
20-Jameela, M.; Mohideen, A.; Sunitha, K. and Narayanan, M. (2011). Antimicrobial Activities of there Medicinal plant Extracts against fish pathogens. Int. J. of Biological Technology. 2 (2): 57 – 60
21-Al-Akili, Adnan Hanoun Abbas. (2002). Study of the effect of acetic acid and some plant extracts in the growth of bacterial burns injuries. Master Thesis, Faculty of Science, University of Mustansiriya
22-Shallcross, L. J.; Hayward, A.C.; Johnson, A.M. and Petersen, I. ( 2015). Incidence and recurrence of boils and abscesses within the first year. British J. of General Practice.e 65(639):e668-76 .
23-Al-Zoubi, M.; Al-Tayyar, S. I.; Ali, H. E.; Al Jabali, A. and Khudairat S. (2015). Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus aureusisolated from clinical specimens in Northern area of Jordan . Iran. J.Micro. 7 (5): 265-272.
24-Joshua, A.; Zeichner, M. D.; BIllary, E.; Baldwin, MD.; Cfran, E. Cook, M.D.; Dlawrence, F.; Eichenfield, M.D.; Dsheila, S.; Fallon, M.D.; Edavid, A.; Rodriguez, M.D.(2017). Emerging Issues in Adult Female Acne. J.of clinical and aesthetic dermatology January .10(1).
25-Abdel-Maksoud, M.; El-Shokry, M.; Ismail, G.; Hafez, S.; El-Kholy, A.; Attia, E and Talaat1, M. (2016). Methicillin - Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Recovered from Healthcare- and Community-Associated Infections in Egypt. Int. J. of Bacteriology.(1):1-5.
26-Demos, M.; McLeod, M. P. and Nouri, K. (2012). Recurrent furunculosis: a review of the literature. British Association of Dermatologists .(167):725–732.
27-Qiu, J.; Wang,D.; Zhang, Y.; Dong, J.; Wang, J. and Niu, X.(2013). Molcular modeling reveals the novel inhibition mechanism and binding mode of three natural compounds to staphylococcal alpha-hemolysin. J. Plos one. 8(11) : 80- 97.
28-Tamimi, Ahmed IssaJaafar. (2012). Genetic study of Staphylococcus sp. resistant to vancomycin. Master Thesis / College of Education for Pure Sciences - Diyala University.
29-Douglas, N. F. (2016). Meropenem in the treatment of complicated skin and soft tissue infections. Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management. 2(4):401-415.
30-Al-Marjani, Mohammed Faraj. (2011). Antibiotics . Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotics. Dar Dijla, First Edition (1): 255. Amman
31-Levinson, W. (2014). Review of medical microbiology and Immunology .McGraw – Hill. New York. 13th ed. P.8.
32- Salem, Dina Kamal (2017). Studying the inhibitory effect of ginger extract and gluten against the growth of some bacterial and pathogenic fungi. Tikrit Journal of Pure Sciences. 22 (5): 55-63
33-Osadebe, P.O.and Uzochukwu, I.C. (2007). Comparative evaluation of antidiabetic activities of Flavonoids extract and crudemethanol extract of Loranthusmicranthusparasitic on Kola acuminate. J. Pharmaceut. Appl. Sci. 4: 2-7.
34-EL- Sharquie, K.; Noaimi, A. A.; Saleh, B. M.; Sharara, Z. A.; Al-Salam, W. S. (2017). Topical 40% Loranthuseuropaeus Ointment as an Alternative Medicine in the Treatment of Acute Cutaneous Leishmaniasis versus Topical 25% Podophyllin Solution. J. of Cosmetics, Dermatological Sciences and Applications. 7: 148-163.
35-Al-Rubaee,A.Methaq; Jawad, H. Ala Alden and Al-Diab, M. Jasim. (2006). Effects Of Loranthus Europaeus Seeds On Pyogenic Inflammation. J. Missan Researches. 2(4).
36-Mills ,E. J.; Jacques, D.; Dan, P. and Gideon K.,(2006). Herbal Medicines in pregnancy and lactation. An Evidence – Based Approach. Taylar and Francis group. London and New York .
37-Hamoushi, Rawa Mahmoud and Mahmoud, Abdul Razzaq Khader. (2008). The inhibitory effect of leaf leaves of Lowson
ia inermis on Staph aureus species isolated from different skin infections. Journal of Science Rafidain. 19 (3): 19-1
38-Salami, Nebras Yahya Abdullah (2000). Study of the effect of Myrtuscommunis L. and garlic Allium sativum in Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria outside and in vivo. Master Thesis, Faculty of Science, University of Kufa.
39--Henry, J.B. (2001). Clinical diagnosis and Management by laboratory methods. 20thed. V.3, pp 1088, 1106, 1123, Saunders Company.
40-Jahan, F; Rubina, L,; Kumar, V and Junaid , M. (2011). Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of plant extracts on antibioticsusceptible and resistant Staphylococcus aureusstrains. J. Chem. Pharm. Res. 3(4): 777-789.
41-Sudharameshwari, K. and Radhika, J. (2007). Antibacterial screening of Aegle Marmelos, Lawsonia inermis and Albizzialibbeck. Afr. J. Trad. CAM . 4 (2): 199 – 204.
42-Varel,I. and Vincent, H. (2002). Carvacrol and thymol reduce swine waste odor and pathogenes: stability of oils. Curr. Microbial. 44: 38-43
43-Tabbene, O.; Slimene, I.B.; Djebali, K.; Mangoni, M.L.; Urdaci, M.C. and Limam, F. (2009). Optimization of medium composition for the production of antimicrobial activity by Bacillus subtilis, J. B38 Biotechnol. 25(5): 1267-1274.