Fungal contamination of Azadi Teaching Hospital and Hevi Paediatric Hospital Environments, Duhok, Iraq
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
This survey study was undertaken to find out the prevalence and distribution of fungi occupying the residential surfaces in Azadi Teaching Hospital and Hevi Paediatric Hospital in Duhok province, Iraq. Three hundred samples were collected from randomly selected areas in laboratories, wards, consultation rooms, operating theatres and hospital kitchen by swabs. These samples were cultured on two selective fungal media (PDA and SDA) and also samples from air were cultured on PDA in order to determine the genus or species of the agents in the samples. The results found microorganisms that were identified included forty eight isolates in addition to non identified yeasts and sterile mycelium also detected. From 300 samples collected from period January to May 2016, molds comprised 60% and yeasts comprised 40%. All fungal isolates were identified depending on the morphological and microscopic examinations as well as biochemical tests. The environmental contaminations in Azadi Teaching and Hevi Paediatric Hospitals with fungi (Aspergillus) were the highest fungal isolates whereas Candida sp. was the highest yeast isolate
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Tikrit Journal of Pure Science is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which allows users to copy, create extracts, abstracts, and new works from the article, alter and revise the article, and make commercial use of the article (including reuse and/or resale of the article by commercial entities), provided the user gives appropriate credit (with a link to the formal publication through the relevant DOI), provides a link to the license, indicates if changes were made, and the licensor is not represented as endorsing the use made of the work. The authors hold the copyright for their published work on the Tikrit J. Pure Sci. website, while Tikrit J. Pure Sci. is responsible for appreciate citation of their work, which is released under CC-BY-4.0, enabling the unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction of an article in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited.
References
1- Ryan, K.J. and Ray, C.G. (2010). Sherris Medical Microbiology. 5th ed. The McGraw-Hill com. USA.
2- Perfect, J.R. and Casadevall, A. (2006). Fungal molecular pathogenesis: what can it do and why do we need it?. p. 3–11. In: Molecular principles of fungal pathogenesis. Heitman, J., (ed.). ASM Press. Washington DC.
3- Khan, M.S.A., Ahmad, I., Aqil, F., Owais, M., Shahid, M. and Musarrat, J.( 2010). Virulence and pathogenicity of fungal pathogens with special reference to Candida albicans. p: 21-45. In: Ahmad, E.A. (ed.). Combating fungal infections. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
4-Klein, B.S. and Tebbets, B. (2007). Dimorphism and virulence in fungi. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 10:314–319.
5- Richardson, M.D. (2005). Changing patterns and trends in systemic fungal infections. J. Antimicrob. Chemo. Ther., 56, pp: 5-11.
6- Kontoyiannis DP, Bodey GP. Invasive aspergillosis in 2002: an update. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2002; 21:161-172.
7- Buczynska, A., Cyprowski, M., Piotrowska, M. and Szadkowska- Stanczyk, J. (2007). Indoor moulds: results of the environmental study in office rooms. Med. Pr. 58: 521–525.
8- Warris, A., Klaassen, C.H., Meis, J.F., De Ruiter, M.T., De Valk, H.A., Abrahamsen, T.G., Gaustad, P. and Verweij, P.E. (2003). Molecular epidemiology of Aspergillus fumigatus isolates recovered from water, air, and patients shows two clusters of genetically distinct strains. J. Clin. Microbiol., 41, pp: 4101–4106.
9- Grossi P, Farina C, Fiocchi R, Dalla Gasperina D. Prevalence and outcome of invasive fungal infections in (1963) thoracic organ transplant recipients: a multicenter retrospective study. Italian Study Group of Fungal Infections in Thoracic Organ Transplant Recipients. Transplantation(2000); 70:112-116.
10- Koneman, E.W; Allin, S.D; Janad, W.M; Schreckenberger, P.C and Winn, W.C
(1997). Color Atlas and Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology, 5 th ed. USA: J. B.
Lippincott Company..
11- Matsushima , T. (1975). Icones Micofungorum A Matsushima Ieetorum. Koba, Japan. 413 p.
12- Domsch, K.H.; Gams, W.; Anderson, T.H. (1980). "Compendium of soil
fungi". Academic Press. London.
13- Horre, Y" (1980) Ascospore Ornamentation and its application to the taxonomic
re-evaluation in Emericella . Trans . Mycol. Soc. Japan " 2l:4g3_493 .
14- Kreger–Van, R. (1984). The yeasts: a taxonomie study. 3rd ed. Elsevier Science Publishers B. V. Amsterdam, Netherlands.
15- Ellis, M. B. and Ellis, J. P. (1985). Microfungi on Land Plants: An Identification Handbook (1st ed.). Macmillan Pub Co.
16- Sivanesan , A. (1987) Graminicolous species of Bipolaris Curvulaira,
Drechslera, Exerohilum and their teleomorphs. CAB. Iiternational. Kew, Surrey, U.K.
17- Hoog , G.S", de and Guarro , J. (1995) " Atlas of clinical fungi Centraalbureureuschiele culture Barn and Universitiat Rovir Ivirgili Spain720pp.
18- Japanese Pharmacopoeia, (2007). the MHLW Ministerial Notification Sixteenth Edition.
19- Larone, D. (2011). Medically Important Fungi: A Guide to Identification. Ed. (5). Washington, DC: ASM Press.
20- Murray, P.R., Baron, E.J., Jorgensen, J.H., Pfaller, M.A., and Yolken, R.H. (2003). Manual of Clinical Microbiology , 8th ed., American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC.
21- Kim, O.G., Horg, S.C., Kim, H. J. Chi, J. G. Han, M.h., Chosi, K.S. and Han, D.H. (1993) Cerebral aspergillosis in immunologically competent patients. Surg. Neurol . 4: 326-331 .
22- Drakos, P.E., Nagler, A., Orr, R., Naparstek, E., Kapelushink, J., Engelhard, D., Rahay, G. and Slavin, S. (1993). Invasive fungal sinusistisin patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation Transpl" 12:208.
23- Overberger, P A; Wadowsky, R M and Schaper, M M. (1995). Evaluation of airborne particulates and fungi during hospital renovation. American Indoor Hygiene Assessment Journal 56: 706-712.
24- Kao, AS; Brandt, ME; Pruitt, WR; Conn, LA; Perkins, BA. Stephens, DS; Baughman, WS; Reingold AL; Rothrock, GA; Pfaller, MA; Pinner, RW and Hajjeh, RA. ( 1999).The epidemiology of candidemia in two United States cities: results of apopulation-based active surveillance. Cli Infect Dis; 29: 1164.
25- Vanden Bergh, MF.; Verwiij, PE and Voss, A. (1999). Epidemiology of nosocomial
fungal infections: invasive aspergillosis and the environment. Diag Microbiol Infect Dis,
34: 221-7.FA.
26- Pegues, D. ; Lasker, B; McNeil, M.; Hamm, P.; Lundal, J. and Kubak, B.
(2002).Cluster of cases on invasive aspergillosis in a transplant intensive care unit:
evidence of person – to – person airborne tranmission. Clin Infect Dis, 34(3): 412-6.
27- Halaby, I.; Boots, H.; Vermulen, A.; Van derv en, A.; Beguin, H.; Van Hooft, H., Jacobs, J. (2001). phaeohyphomycoses caused by Alternaria infectoria in a renal transplant recipient. J. Clin. Microbiol,, 39,1952-1955.
28- Abdel-Hafez, A.M. (1991). The incidence of dermatophytes, keratinophilic and saprophytic fungi in a playground of schools and house dusts in upper Egypt. Cryptogamie Mycol., 12,305-314.
29- Gugnani, H.C. (2000). Non-dermatophytic filamentous keratinophilic fungi and their role in human infection . In "Biology of dermatophytes and
other keratinophilic fungi" (eds.) Kushwaha, R.K.S and Guarro, J. Revista Iberoamericana Micologia, Spain. Pp
109-114.
30- Abdullah, S.K.; Al-Musa, A.A. (2000). The incidence of keratinophilic and actidione resistant fungi in the floor dust of residential houses in Basrah. Basrah J.Sci., 18,45-54.
31- Ferry, A.P. and Abedi , S" (1993) Diagnosis and management of Rhion_ orbitocerbral mucomyeosis Ophthalmology 90: 1096_l 104 "
32- Croft , W" A. Jarvis, R. B. and Yatawara, C.S. (1986) " Airborne outhreak of
trichothecene toxieosis. Atmos Environ.2A: 549-552".
33- Miller, J.D. (1992) Fungi as a contaminants in indoor air . Atoms. Environ " 26:2163-2172 .
34- Abdullah, S.K. and Al-Ani, S.A.(2003). Air borne fungal flora in indoor environment of two hospitals in Basrah city .Iraqi J.Biology,3: 60-67.
35- Perdelli, F ; M. L. Cristina,; M. Sartini,; Spagnolo A. M., (2006). Fungal Contamination in Hospital Environments. infection control and hospital epidemiology january, vol. 27, no. 1.
36- Mohammed , Sadiq R. AL-Jibouri and Mona H. (2015). Isolation and identification of fungi from two hospitals in Baghdad city and effect of disinfectants on some fungi. Iraqi Journal of Science, 2015, Vol 56, No.1C, pp: 673-682.
37- Abbas Soleymani MD, Seyed Ali Asghar Sefidgar C.P, Hamze Sharifi MS (2015). Species Diversity of Keratinophilic Fungi in Various Soil Type of Babol Medical University’s Hospitals’ Yard. International Journal of Applied Science and Technology. Vol. 5, No. 3; June 2015. 38-Aslanzadeh, J. and G.D. Roberts, 1991. Direct microscopic examination of clinical specimens for the laboratory diagnosis of fungal infections. Clin. Microbiol. Newsl., 13: 185-192.