The Prevalence of Whipworms Trichuris Trichiura In Outpatient Laboratories In The Baiji City
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study included one hundred 100 fecal samples collected from several outpatient laboratories in the city of Baiji for subjects with symptoms consisted of diarrhea, fever, loss of weight, etc. for the period from March 2014 to May 2014 for different age groups ranged between 2 to 52 years for both genders. The samples have been examined using the direct swab moist method, and the concentration Formaldehyde – ether method, then dyed with lugol iodine pigment 1% to identify whipworms Trichuris Trichiura in the stool samples
The total infestation percentage with Trichuris Trichiura was % 44 in all the samples, and the distribution of infection rates by gender shows that a higher infection rate was of women, reaching to 72.73% while it was only 27.27% in male subjects. The study also, recorded infection rates of 86.36% and 13.64% for water sources of municipality pipe and water wells respectively. Also, the age group of 15-27 years old are the most susceptible to infection with a rate of 38.64%, followed by the age group of 41-52 years which have 27.27%, followed by the age group of 28-40 years which have only by 18.18%, while the age group of 2-14 years are the least likely to be infected with a rate of 15.91%, and the study also showed that the infection was also accompanied with various symptoms, where the abdominal pain and weight loss were the most common symptoms in 50% of the cases.
By comparing stool samples properties with those symptoms, found that diarrhea with abdominal pain and weight loss is the most common symptoms at a rate of 60.00%. However, other symptoms like fever and weight loss were not seen in the infected subjects, unlike diarrhea which was a predominant property of stool samples for the infected subjects with a rate of 68.18%.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Tikrit Journal of Pure Science is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which allows users to copy, create extracts, abstracts, and new works from the article, alter and revise the article, and make commercial use of the article (including reuse and/or resale of the article by commercial entities), provided the user gives appropriate credit (with a link to the formal publication through the relevant DOI), provides a link to the license, indicates if changes were made, and the licensor is not represented as endorsing the use made of the work. The authors hold the copyright for their published work on the Tikrit J. Pure Sci. website, while Tikrit J. Pure Sci. is responsible for appreciate citation of their work, which is released under CC-BY-4.0, enabling the unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction of an article in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited.
References
1- WHO. (1998). It’s A war my world. 1-16.
2- WHO. (1994). Report of the WHO informal consultation on hookworm infection and anemia in girls and women.WHO/CTD/SIP/96.1
7- Bethony, J.; Brooker, S.; Albonico, M.; Geiger, S.M.; Loukas, A.; Diemert, D. and Hotez, P.J. (2006). Soil-transmitted helminth infections: ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hook-worm. Lancet. 367:1521-1532.
4- Stephenson, L.S.; Latham, M.C. and Ottesen, E.A. (2000). Malnutrition and parasitic helminth infections. Parasitology. 121 Suppl:S23-38.
5- Cooper, E. (1991). Intestinal parasitoses and the modern description of diseases of poverty. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 85:168-170.
6- John, D. T. and Petri, W. A. Jr. (2006). “The intestinal nematodes, ”in Medical Parasitology, Markell and Voge’s, Eds., Saunders Elsevier, St. Louis, Mo, USA, 9th edition
7- Azira, N.M.S. and Zeehaida, M. (2012). Severe chronic iron deficiency anemia secondary to Trichuris dysentery syndrome - a case report. Trop Biomed 29: 626-631.
8-Spickler, A.R. (2005). Trichuriasis. [CFSPH website: http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/DiseaseInfo/factsheets.php
9- de Silva, N.R.; Brooker, S.; Hotez, P.J.; Montresor, A.; Engels, D. and Savioli, L.(2003) .Soil-transmitted helminth infections: updating the global picture. Trends in parasitology 19:547-551. 10- WHO. (1991). Basic laboratory methods in medical parasitology. 1st Ed. Printed in England. Macmillan/ Clays.
11- Rajeswari, B.; Sinniah, B. and Hussein, H. (1994). Socio-economic factors associated with intestinal parasites among children living in Gombak, Malaysia. Asia Pac J Public Health, 7(1): 21-5.
12- Reinthaler, F.F.; Linck, G.; Klem, G.; Mascher, F. and Sixl, W. (1988). Intestinal parasites in children with diarrhea in El Salvador. Geo Med 18: 175-180. 13- Smith, H.M.; DeKaminsky, R.G.; Niwas, S.; Soto, R.J. and Jolly, P.E. (2001). Prevalence and Intensity of Infections of Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura and Associated Socio-demographic Variables in Four Rural Honduran Communities. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Vol. 96(3): 303-314.
14- Hoda, A. T.; Mohammed, I. S. and Sanaa, A.N. B. (2013). Intestinal parasitic infections among expatriate workers in Al-Madina Al-Munawarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Tropical Biomedicine 30(1): 78–88.
16- Al-Marzoqi, A.H. and Kadhim R.A. (2008). Parasitic etiology of newborn gastroenteritis in Babylon governorate. Medical Journal of Babylon Vol. 5:3-4.
17-Odu, N.N.; Okonko, I.O., and Erhi, O. (2011). Study of Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs): Gastro-Intestinal Helminthes among school children in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria . Report and Opinion; 3(9): 6-16 (ISSN:1553-9873).
18-Marawan, A.A.; Jerzy, M.B. and Ahmed, I. (2008). Patterns of infection with intestinal parasites in Qatar among food handlers and housemaids from different geographical regions of origin. Acta Tropica 106: 213–220.
19- Amy, L. C.; Pam, S.; Linda, W.; Bart, J. C. and Rob. B. (2014). Decreasing prevalence of Trichuris trichiura (whipworm) in the Northern Territory from 2002 to 2012. M.J.A. 200 (5):286–289.
20- Ahmed, T.; Khanum, H. ; and Hossain, A. (2013). Prevalence of Trichuris trichiura among the children of age under five years. Bangladesh J. Zool. 41(1): 97-103.
21- Helluy, S. and Holmes, J. C. (1990). Serotonin, octopamine, and the clinging behaviour induced by the parasite Poly - morphus paradoxus (Acanthocephala) in Gammarus lacustris (Crustacea). Canadian Journal of Zoology 68: 12141220.
22- Bundy, D.A.P.(1988). Gender-dependent patterns of infection and disease. Parasitology Today 4: 186-189.
23-Amaechi, E.C.; Ohaeri, C.C. and Ukpai, O.M. (2013). Prevalence of helminthiasis among school children in some rural communities of Abia state, Nigeria. Animal Research International, 10(3): 1817 – 1825
24- Babatunde, S.K.; Adedayo, M.R.; Ajiboye, A.E.; Sunday, O. and Ameen, N. (2013). Soil-transmitted helminth infections among school children in rural communities of Moro Local Government Area, Kwara State, Nigeria. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res. Vol. 7(45), 5148-5153 PP.
25- Wilson, M.E. (1998). Giardiasis In Public Health & Prevantive Medicine . 14th ed.10
26- Fayer, R. (2004). Cryptosporidium: a water-borne zoonotic parasite. Vet. Parasitol. 26: 37–56.
27- Castro-Hermida, J.A.; Garcia-Presedo, I.; Almeida, A.; Gonzalez-Warleta, M.; Correia, J.M. and Mezo, M. (2009). Detection of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in surface water: a health risk for humans and animals. Water Res.43: 4133–4142.
28- Khairy, A.E.M.; Sebaic, O.E.; Gawad, A.A. and Al-Attar, L. (1982). The sanitary condition of rural drinking water in an Nile Delta villages, 1: Parasitological assessment of “Zir” stored direct tap water. Journal Hygiene Camb., 88:pp.57-61.
30- Jamaiah, I. and Rohela, M. (2005). Prevalence of intestinal parasites among members of the public in kuala lumpur, Malaysia . Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health. 36 (1): 68-71.
31- Dewa, P.W. and Putu, S. (2000). Prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth infections in the rural population of Bali, Indonesia. Southeast Asian J.Trop. Med. Public Health . Vol.31(3) , 454-459 pp.
32- Luciana, C.Z.; Tereza, C. F.; Otávio, S. P. and Constança, S. B. (2004). Impact of antihelminthic treatment on infection by Ascaris lumbricoides, trichuris trichiura and hookworms in covas, a rural community of pernambuco, brazil. Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo 46(2):63-71.
77- HALL, A.; ANWAR, K.S. and TOMKINS, A.M. (1992). Intensity of reinfection with Ascaris lumbricoides and its implications for parasite control. Lancet, 339: 1253-1257
- 72 Bundy, D.A.P; Cooper, E.S.; Thompson, D.E.; Didier, J.M. and Simmons, I. (1987). Epidemiology and population dynamics of Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura infection in the same community. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 81: 987-993.
- 72 Anderson, T.J.C.; Zizza, C.A.; Leche, G.M.; Scott, M.E. and Solomons, N.E. (1993). The distribution of intestinal helminth infections in a rural village in Guatemala. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 88: 53-65.
- 73 Joo, J.H.; Ryu, K.H.; Lee, Y.H.; Park, C.W.; Cho, J.Y.; Kim, Y.S.; Lee, J.S.; Lee, M.S.; Hwang, S.G. and Shim,C.S.(1998). Colonoscopic diagnosis of whipworm infection. Hepatogastroenterology . 45: 2105-2109.
- 74 Sharifah, E.T.S.; Ch’ng, E.S.; Nazri, M.; Nurul, A.M. S. and Zeehaida, M. (2011). Chronic Trichuris trichiura Infection Presenting as Ileocecal Valve Swelling Mimicking Malignancy. International Scholarly Research Network (ISRN Gastroenterology) , Volume 2011, Article ID 105178, 4 pages.
75- Amal, R.N.; Mohamad, S.B.; Geok, C.T. and Abdul Rahman, H.S.(2009). Massive lower gastrointestinal bleeding attributable to heavy whipworm infection and Salmonella typhi co-infection: a case report. Cases Journal. 2:8285 http://casesjournal.com/casesjournal/article/view/8285
39- Bundy, D.A.P.(1986). Epidemiological aspects of Trichuris and trichuriasis in Caribbean communities. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 80:706-18.
40- Fishman, J.A. and Perrone, T.L. (1984). Colonic obstruction and perforation due to Trichuris trichiura. Am. J. Med. 77:154-6.
41- Mansfield, L.S. and Urban, J.F. (1996). The pathogenesis of necrotic proliferative colitis in swine is linked to whipworm induced suppression of mucosal immunity to resident bacteria. Vet. Immunopathol. 50, 1-17.
42- Tahmina, Z. and Wajihullah, K. (2016). Morphological and histopathological studies of Trichuris ovis in goat intestine. Journal of Parasitic Diseases: Diagnosis and Therapy, Volume 1, Number 1,1-7.