The impact of heavy metals that released from vehicles exhausts on some biochemical parameters in Eucalyptus and Ziziphus plants in street intersections of Baghdad city
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The air pollution by vehicles exhaust is consider the most risk environmental problems, especially when precipitate on soil surface and transport to the plants and entering the food chain. so that, the current study was carried out to determine the impacts of air pollution on the plants growth in traffic intersections, the study was carried out in Baghdad city, identified two regions for each of the both sides of the Rusafa and Karkh by two main sites for each region, as well as, the secondary stations in each site. the heavy metals and total suspended particles concentrations were determined in the filter paper that suffer the pollution air for 30 min. in specific sites using sniffer device. The concentrations decrease of some pollutants was noticed more than to the national and global permitted limits and the summer was the highest season in pollution during study period. Eucalyptus and Ziziphus spina Christi plants was chosen to evaluating the impacts of pollution on the plants because its being of the most common and the evergreen trees in the Baghdad s' streets. Primary metabolites content in plants was measured as total chlorophyll recorded a height concentration in August(98.631mg/gm) in Eucalyptus leaves ,while the total protein content reached to maximum concentration (26.101 mg/gm) in both plants, either total carbohydrate content reached to (88ppm) in Eucalyptus leaves and (74.62ppm) in Ziziphus leaves and noticed that , the increase in concentration of pollutants affected on the protein and carbohydrate content. Seven phenolic compounds was diagnosed being one of the main secondary compounds of metabolism , the increase in total phenolic content was recorded in the region that have a high concentration of carbon dioxide was reach to (6699.88ppm) in Al-Mansour(3) samples compared to the control samples was(2388.87ppm). the heavy metals concentrations in the leaves of eucalyptus and ziziphus arranged from more to less as steady regime throughout the study period in the following order: iron > zinc > copper > lead .
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Tikrit Journal of Pure Science is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which allows users to copy, create extracts, abstracts, and new works from the article, alter and revise the article, and make commercial use of the article (including reuse and/or resale of the article by commercial entities), provided the user gives appropriate credit (with a link to the formal publication through the relevant DOI), provides a link to the license, indicates if changes were made, and the licensor is not represented as endorsing the use made of the work. The authors hold the copyright for their published work on the Tikrit J. Pure Sci. website, while Tikrit J. Pure Sci. is responsible for appreciate citation of their work, which is released under CC-BY-4.0, enabling the unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction of an article in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited.
References
2. S.M. Seyyednejad, M. Niknejad, and M. Yusefi
.(2009), The Effect of air pollution on some
morphological and biochemical factors of
Callistemon citrinus in petrochemical zone in south
of Iran . Asian Journal of Plant Sciences , ISSN 1682-
3974.
3. Nikolina Tzvetkova, and Dimitar Kolarov .(1996),
effect of air pollution on carbohydrate and nutrients
concentrations in some deciduous tree species .
BULG. J. Plant Physiol., 22(1-2), 53-63.
4. John Ruffin, Darryl Williams, Umesh Banerjee,
and Kenneth Pinnix. (1983), The effects of some
environmental gaseous pollutants on pollen-wall
proteins of certain airborne pollen grains. Grana 22:
171-175 , ISSN 007-3134.
5. F. Bourgaud, A. Gravot, S. Milesi, E. Gontier.
(2001) . Production of plant secondary metabolites: a
historical perspective. Volume 161, Issue 5, Pages
839–851.
6. ICARDA, (2001), Ryan J., George Estefan and
Abdul Rashid. soil and plant analysis laboratory
manual, second edition. international center for
agriculture research in the dry areas (ICARDA) and
the national agriculture research center (NARC).
7. Rashid A. (1986), Mapping zinc fertility of soils
using indicator plants and soils analysis. PhD
Dissertation, University of Hawaii, HI,USA.
8. DuBois, M., Gilles, K., Hamilton, J., Rebers, P.,
& Smith, F. (1956). Colorimetric method for
determination of sugars and related substances.
Analytical Chemistry, 28(3), 350–356.
9. Lowry, O.H.; Rosenbrough, N.j.; farr, A.L.;
Randall, R.J., (1951), Protein measurement with the
Folin Phenol Reagent, J Biol Chem 193,pp.265-275.
10. Ebru Dulekgurgen, (2004), Proteins Protocol,
UIUC.
11. SUAREZ, B., PALACIOS, N., FRAGA, N., &
RODRIGUEZ, R., (2005), Liquid chromatographic
method for quantifying polyphenols in ciders by
direct injection. Journal of Chromatography A, 1066,
105-110 .
12. Samuel Melaku, Vernon Morris, Dharmaraj
Raghavan, Charles Hosten, (2008), Seasonal variation
of heavy metals in ambient air and precipitation at a
single site in Washington, DC, Environmental
Pollution 155, p. 88-98.
13. OBOUAYEBA Abba Pacomel, DJYH Nazaire
Bernardl ,(2014), Phytochemical and Antioxidant of
Roselle (Hibiscus Sabdariffal) Detal Extract .
Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and
Chemical Sciences , Vol 4(5) ,p.1454.
14. Legret, M., and C. Pagotto, “Heavy Metal
Deposition and Soil Pollution Along Two Major
Rural Highways”, Environmental Technology, vol.
27, no. 3, 2006, pp. 247 – 254
15. Lisa D. Sabin, Jeong Hee Lim, Maria Teresa
Venezia, Arthur M.Winer , Kenneth C. Schiff , and
Keith D. Stolzenbach, (2004), Dry Deposition And
Resuspension Of Particle -Associated Metals Near A
Freeway In Los Angeles, p.77-86.
16. Winther, M. & Slentø, E. (2010): Heavy Metal
Emissions for Danish Road Transport. National
Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University,
Denmark. 99 pp. – NERI Technical Report no. 780.
http://www.dmu.dk/Pub/FR780.pdf.
17. Cheung, K. L., et al., “Emissions of Particulate
Trace Elements, Metals and Organic Species from
Gasoline, Diesel, and Biodiesel Passenger Vehicles
and Their Relation to Oxidative Potential”, Aerosol
Science and Technology, vol. 44, no. 7, 2010, pp. 500
– 513.
18. Luhana, L., et al., Measurement of Non-Exhaust
Particulate Matter, European Commission – DG
TrEn, 5th Framework Programme, Competitive and
Sustainable Growth, Sustainable Mobility and
Intermodality, 2004, pp. 9 – 12.
19. S.T. Ubwa, J. Abah, C.A. Ada, and E. Alechenu
,(2013), Levels of some heavy metals contamination
of street dust in the industrial and high traffic density
areas of Jos Metropolis ,Journal of Biodiversity and
Environmental Sciences (JBES), ISSN: 2220-6663
,Vol. 3, No. 7, p. 13-21.
20. Skinner, E. R., Jr., “Highway Design and
Construction: the Innovation Challenge”, The Bridge,
vol. 38, no. 2, Summer 2008, pp. 5 – 12.
21. S.M. Reichman ,(2000), The responses of plants
to metal toxicity: Areview focusing on Copper
,Manganese and Zinc, Australian minerals & energy
environment foundation .
22. L. Marchiol, S. Assolari, P. Sacco, G. Zerbi,
(2004), Phytoextraction of heavy metals by canola
(Brassica napus) and radish (Raphanus sativus)
grown on multicontaminated soil, Environmental
Pollution 132 ,p: 21-27
23. 6) Litavka river alluvium as a model area heavily
polluted with potentially risk elements. In: Morel JL,
Echevarria G, Goncharova N (eds) Phytoremediation
of Metal-Contaminated Soils, vol 68. NATO Science
Series IV Earth and Environmental Sciences.
Springer, Dordrecht, pp 267–298
24. Li, Y.M., Chaney, R., Brewer, E., Roseberg, R.,
Angle, J.S., Baker, A.J.M., Reeves, R., Nelkin, J.,
(2003). Development of a technology for commercial
phytoextraction of nickel: economic and technical
considerations. Plant and Soil 249, 107e115.
25. K. Bojarczuk, P. Karolewski, J. Oleksyn, B.
Kieliszewska-Rokicka,R. Żytkowiak, M. G. Tjoelker,
(2002), Effect of Polluted Soil and Fertilisation on
Growth and Physiology of Silver Birch (Betula
pendula Roth.) Seedlings, Polish Journal of
Environmental Studies Vol. 11, No. 5 , P:483-492
26. Mohamed H.H. Ali ,and Khairia M. Al-Qahtani,
(2012), Assessment of some heavy metals in
vegetables, cereals and fruits in Saudi Arabian
markets, Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research , 38,p.
31–37
27. Sharma, R.K., Agrawal, M., Marshall, F.M.,
(2006). Heavy metals contamination in vegetables
grown in wastewater irrigated areas of Varanasi,
India. Bulletin of Environment Contamination and
Toxicology 77, 311–318.
28. Ojekunle Zo., Adeboje M, Taiwo Ag, Sangowusi
Ro, Taiwo Am Ojekunle Vo ,(2014), Tree Leaves as
Bioindicator of Heavy Metal Pollution in Mechanic
Village, Ogun State. J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage.
Vol. 18 (4),P: 639 – 644.
29. Tripathi AK, Gautam M (2007). Biochemical
parameters of plants as indicators of air pollution. J.
Environmental Biol. 28(1):127-132
30. Aldoobie, N. F., and Beltagi, M. S. (2013),
Physiological, biochemical and molecular responses
of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants to
heavy metals stress, African Journal of
Biotechnology, Vol. 12(29), pp. 4614-4622.
31. Bijoy Krishna Roy, Rajendra Prasad , and Gunjan
,(2010), Heavy metal accumulation and changes in
metabolic parameters in Cajanas cajan grown in mine
spoil,journal of Environmental Biology , 31(5) 567-
573 .
32. Sharma, A. and G. Talukder, (1989), Metals as
clastogens-some aspects of study In: Advances in cell
and chromosome research. (Eds.: Sharma A.K. and
A. Sharma). Oxford and IBH Publ., New Delhi. pp.
197-213
33. Quartacci MF, Pinzino C, Sgherri CLM, Dalla
Vecchia F, Nav-ari-Izzo F. (2000). Growth in excess
copper induces changes in the lipid composition and
fluidity of PSII-enriched membranes in wheat.
Physiol. Plant. 108:87-93.
34. Thambavani D.S. and Maheswari J. (2014).
Response of Native Tree Species to Ambient Air
Quality. Chemical Science Transactions, 3(1), 438-
444.
35. Dohmen G.P., Koppers A. and Langebartels C.
(1990). Biochemical response of Norway spruce
(Picea abies (L.) Karst.) towards 14-month exposure
to ozone and acid mist: Effects on amino acid,
glutathione and polyamine titers. Environl Pollut.,
64(3-4), 375-383.
36. Maliha A. AL-Marzooq, (2014), phenolic
compounds of Napek Leave (Ziziphus spina –christi
L.) as natural antioxidants, journal of food and
nutrition sciences, v.2(5), p.:207-214.
37. Bruno Leite Sampaio, RuAngelie Edrada - Ebel,
& Fernando Batista Da Costa,(2016), Effect of the
environment on the secondary metabolic profile of
Tithonia diversifolia: a model for environmental
metabolomics of plants,Scientific Reports | 6:29265 |
DOI: 10.1038/srep29265
38. Ayaz Ali Memon, Najma Memon, Devanand L.
Luthria, Amanat Ali Pitafi, Muhammad Iqbal
Bhanger, (2012), Phenolic Compounds and Seed Oil
Composition of Ziziphus mauritiana L. Fruit, Pol. J.
Food Nutr. Sci., Vol. 62, No. 1, pp. 15-21 , DOI:
10.2478/v10222-011-0035-3
39. Morison JIL, Lawlor DW.(1999), Interactions
between increasing CO2 concentration and
temperature on plant growth. Plant Cell Environ;
22:659-82.
40. Luis A.; Neiva D.; Pereira H.; Gominho J.;
Domingues F.; Duart A.P., (2014), Stumps of
Eucalyptus globulus as a source of antioxidant and
antimicrobial polyphenols. Molecules 19, p.16428-
16446
41. Ștefan Dezsi , Alexandru Sabin Bădărău, Cristina
Bischin , Dan Cristian Vodnar,Radu Silaghi-
Dumitrescu, Ana-Maria Gheldiu, Andrei Mocan, and
Laurian Vlas, (2015), Antimicrobial and Antioxidant
Activities and Phenolic Profile of Eucalyptus
globulus Labill. and Corymbia ficifolia (F. Muell.)
K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson Leaves. Molecules, 20,
4720-4734; doi:10.3390/molecules20034720
42. Chalker-Scott L, Fnchigami LH.( 1989) The role
of phenolic compounds in plant stress responses. In:
Paul HL, Ed. Low temperature stress physiology in
crops. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC .
43. Akula Ramakrishna and Gokare Aswathanarayana
Ravishankar, (2011), Influence of abiotic stress
signals on secondary metabolites in plant, Plant
Signaling & Behavior 6:11,p: 1720-1731.
44. Scheible, W.-R.; Morcuende, R.; Czechowski, T.;
Fritz, C.; Osuna, D.; Palacios - Rojas, N.;
Schindelasch, D.;Thimm, O.; Udvardi, M.K.; Stitt,
M., (2004), Genome-wide reprogramming of primary
and secondary metabolism,protein synthesis, cellular
growth processes, and the regulatory infrastructure of
Arabidopsis in response to nitrogen. Plant Physiol.,
136, 2483–2499
45. Lillo, C.; Lea, U.S.; Ruoff, P.( 2008), Nutrient
depletion as a key factor for manipulating gene
expression and product formation in different
branches of the flavonoid pathway. Plant Cell
Environ., 31, 587–601.
46. Hamilton, J.G.; Zangerl, A.R.; DeLucia, E.H.;
Berenbaum, M.R.(2001), The carbon-nutrient balance
hypothesis: Its rise and fall. Ecol. Lett., 4, 86–95.
47. Haukioja, E.; Ossipov, V.; Koricheva, J.;
Honkanen, T.; Larsson, S.; Lempa, K.,( 1998) ,
Biosynthetic origin of carbon-based secondary
compounds: Cause of variable responses of woody
plants to fertilization? Chemoecology, 8, 133–139.
48. Monica Boscaiu, María Sánchez, Inmaculada
Bautista, Pilar Donat, Antonio Lidón, Josep Llinares,
Cristina Llul, Olga Mayoral, Oscar Vicente,(2010),
Phenolic Compounds as Stress Markers in Plants
from Gypsum Habitats, Bulletin UASVM
Horticulture, 67(1), ISSN 1843-5254; Electronic
ISSN 1843-5394.
49. Bryant JP, Chapin FSI, Klein DR. (1983)
,Carbon/nutrient balance of boreal plants in relation
to vertebrate herbivory. Oikos; 40:357-68.
50. Sofia Caretto, Vito Linsalata , Giovanni Colella ,
Giovanni Mita and Vincenzo Lattanzio, (2015),
Carbon Fluxes between Primary Metabolism and
Phenolic Pathway in Plant Tissues under Stress, Int.
J. Mol. Sci., 16, 26378–26394
51. Ahuja, I.; de Vos, R.C.H.; Bones, A.M.; Hall,
R.D. (2010) , Plant molecular stress responses face
climate change.Trends Plant Sci., 15, 664–674.
52. Wittstock, U.; Gershenzon, J. (2002), Constitutive
plant toxins and their role in defense against
herbivores and pathogens. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol., 5,
300–307