Comparative Anatomical study of Leaflets and stems of some species of the genus Astragalus L. in relation to Photosynthetic Pathways
Main Article Content
Abstract
The internal structure of leaflets and stems of five Astragalus species (A. dactylocarpus Boiss , A. hamosus L, A. kirrindicus Boiss , A. russelii Banks &Sol , A spinosus (Forssk) Muschl , from Iraq were studied in relation to photosynthetic pathway. Anatomy of these plant organs was found important in seprating between studied species and in identification of their photosynthetic pathway as well. According to leaflet anatomy, A. dactylocarpus Boiss , A. hamosus L. and A. kirrindicus Boiss were characterized as C3 – plants while A.russelii Banks &sol and A. spinosus (Forssk) Muschl. exhibited two different forms of C3-C4 plants.
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Tikrit Journal of Pure Science is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which allows users to copy, create extracts, abstracts, and new works from the article, alter and revise the article, and make commercial use of the article (including reuse and/or resale of the article by commercial entities), provided the user gives appropriate credit (with a link to the formal publication through the relevant DOI), provides a link to the license, indicates if changes were made, and the licensor is not represented as endorsing the use made of the work. The authors hold the copyright for their published work on the Tikrit J. Pure Sci. website, while Tikrit J. Pure Sci. is responsible for appreciate citation of their work, which is released under CC-BY-4.0, enabling the unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction of an article in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited.
References
[1] Frodin, D.G., History and concepts of big plant genera, (2004) Taxon 53(3):753-776.
[2] Langran, Y. and Podlech, D., Astragulus L. in flora of China Vol.10, (2010): 328-453.
[3 ]Townsend, C.C. and Guest, E., Flora of Iraqi. Vol.3., (1947), Ministry of Agriculture and Agarain reform, Baghdad, Iraqi.
[4] Rios, J. and Waterman, P., A review of the Pharmacology and toxicology of Astragulus. Phytotherapy Research 11(6), (1998),: 411-418.
[5] Zargary, A.,. Medicenal Plants.5th edt., (1998), Tehran Univ. Publications: 312-314.
[6] Davis, P.H., Flora Turkey and East Aegean Island, (1970), 3:328-36.
[7] Mehrabian, A.R., Zarre, S.H. and Azizian, D., Petiole in Astragalus Sect.Incani (Fabaceae) in Iran, Journl, Bot.13(2), (2007),:138.
[8] Pirani, A., Zarre, S.H., Tillich, H.J., and Podlech, D, Spine anatomy and its Systematic application in Astragalus. Sect, Rhacophorus L. (Fabaceae) In Iran-Flora, (2007).
[11] Sass, J, E, Botanical Microtechnique 3 ed.The Iwa state. . . Univ.Press (1958), pp: 22.
[13] Dengler, N. G. and Nelson, T, Leaf structure and development in C4 plants. In sage R.F., Monoson, R.K., eds. C4 plant biology. sandiego.: Academic Press, (1999)133-172.
[14] Sage, R.F. and Monson, R.K.,C4 Plant biology. (1999), Academic Press. U.K.
[15] Voznesenskaya, E, Koteyera, N, Akhani, H., Roalson, E. and Edwards., G.E., Structural and physiological analyses in Salsoleae. (Chenopodaceae) indicate multiple transitions among C3, intermediate and C4 Photosynthesis (2013).
[16] Edwards, G.E. and Ku, MSB., Biochemistry of C3-C4 intermediate., Instrumpf, P.K. ed,conn, EE. eds, The biochemistry of plants .London . Academic Press, (1987), 275-326.
[17] Sage, R., Christin, P.A., Edward, E., The C4plant Lineages of planet earth, J. Exp. Bot. 62(9), (2011),: 3155-3169.
[18] Ueno, O., Kawano, Y., Wakayama, M. and Takeda, T, Leaf vascular systems in C3 and C4 grasses: Atwo dimensional analysis. Annals of Botany 97(4), (2005),: 611-621.
[20] Ueno, O, Structural and biochemical chrarcterization of C3-C4 intermediate Brassica gravinae and relatives with particular reference to cellular distributipon of rubisco. J. exp. Bot. 26(15), (2011): 5347-5355.
[21] Fouracre, J., Ando, S. and Langdale, J, Cracking the Kranz enigma with Systems. J. EXP. Bot, (2014) 65 (13): 3327-3339
[22] Gowik, U. and Westhoff, P, The path from C3 to C4 photosiology, (2011), 155(1): 56-63.
[23] Muhaidat, R., Sage, R. and Dengler. N., Diversity of Kranz anatomy and biochemistry in C4 endicot S. American Journal of Botany 94(3), (2007),: 326-381.
[24] Nelson, T. The grass Leaf developmental gradient as aplatform for asystems understanding of the anatomical specialization of C4 Leaves. J. Exp. Bot.62(9), (2011),: 3039-3048.