New Modified Electrodes of Graphite paste with Nano Silicon dioxide For Determination of Sildenafil citrate Drug
Main Article Content
Abstract
In this research, new graphite paste electrodes modified with silicon dioxide (SiO2) nano particle are constructed and used for the determination of Viagra drug (Sildenafil citrate, SILC). The electrodes are constructed by preparing ion-pair for (SILC) with phosphotungstic acid (PTA) or phosphomolybdic (PMA) acid using dibutyl phthalate (DBP) as a plasticizer. These electrodes show good sensitivity towards SILC with linear range of (1.0´10-7-1.0´10-2) M, correlation coefficient, (0.9990) and the life time (120) days for both electrodes, limit of detection (5.177´10-8 and 5.026´10-8) M, optimum temperature range (23-50 and 23-65)oC , slope (57.33 and 58.01) mV/decade and optimum pH range (2-6 and 2-5), for SILC-PTA and SILC-PMA electrodes respectively. These electrodes were successfully applied for determination of SILC in pure and pharmaceutical preparation form (tablets) with recovery of not less than 98% .
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Tikrit Journal of Pure Science is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which allows users to copy, create extracts, abstracts, and new works from the article, alter and revise the article, and make commercial use of the article (including reuse and/or resale of the article by commercial entities), provided the user gives appropriate credit (with a link to the formal publication through the relevant DOI), provides a link to the license, indicates if changes were made, and the licensor is not represented as endorsing the use made of the work. The authors hold the copyright for their published work on the Tikrit J. Pure Sci. website, while Tikrit J. Pure Sci. is responsible for appreciate citation of their work, which is released under CC-BY-4.0, enabling the unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction of an article in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited.
References
[1] Goldstein, G. I.; Lue, T. F.; Padma-Nathan, H.; Rosen, R. C.; Steers, W. D.; Wicker, P.A. (1998). Sildenafil study group. Oral sildenafil in the treatment of erectile dysfunction. THE NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE., 338:1397-1404.
[2] Fabbri, A.; Aversa, A.; Isidori, A. (1999). Sildenafil and erectile dysfunction: Journal of Endocrinological Investigation., 22: 486–491.
[3] Medina, P.; Segarra, G.; Vila, J. M.; Domenech, C .; Martinez-Leon, J. B.; Lluch, S. (2000). Effects of sildenafil on human penile blood vessels. Urology, 56:539-543.
[4] Kloner, R.A.; Brown, M.; Prisant, L.M.; Collins, M. (2001). Effect of sildenafil in patients with erectile dysfunction taking antihypertensive therapy. American Journal of Hypertension, 14: 3-70.
[5] Stuckey, B.G.; Jadzinsky, M.N.; Murphy, L.J.; Montorsi, F.; Kadioglu, A.; Fraige, F.; Manzano, P.; Deerochanawong, C. (2003). Sildenafil citrate for treatment of erectile dysfunction in men with type 1 diabetes: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care, 26: 84–279.
[6] Nurnberg, H.G.; Seidman, S.N.; Gelenberg, A.J.; Fava, M.; Rosen, R.; Shabsigh, R. (2002). Depression antidepressant therapies and erectile dysfunction Clinical trials of sildenafil citrate (Viagra®) in treated and untreated patients with depression. Urology, 60 (2B Suppl):58–66.
[7] Morales, A.; Gingell, C.; Collins, M. (1998). Clinical safety of oral sildenafil citrate in the treatment of erectile dysfunction. International Journal of Impotence Research, 10:69-74. [8] Jackson, G.; Benjamin, N.; Jackson, N.; Allen, M.J.(1999). Effects of sildenafil citrate on human homodynamic. The American Journal of Cardiology, 83:13-20.
[9] Marmor, M.F.; Kessler, R. (1999). Sildenafil (Viagra) and ophthalmology. Survey of Ophthalmology, 44:153-162.
[10] Cooper, J.D.H.; Muirhead, D. C.;Taylor, J.E.; Baker, P. R. (1997). Development of an assay for the simultaneous determination of sildenfil (viagra) and its metabolite (UK-103,320) using automated sequential trace enrichment of dialysates and high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography B, 701: 87-95.
[11] Liu,Y.M.; Yang, H.C.; Miao, J.R. (2000). Reversed-phase HPLC determination of sildenafil citrate tablet. Yaowu Fenxi Zazhi, 20 : 61-62.
[12] Dinesh, N.D.; Nagaraja, P.; Made Gowda, N.M.; Ranappa, K.S. (2002). Extractive spectrophotometric methods for the assay of sildenafil citrate (Viagra) in pure form and in pharmaceutical formulations. Talanta ,57: 757-764.
[13] Amin, A.S.; El-Beshbeshy, A. (2001). Utility of certain r and p-acceptors for the spectrophotometric determination of sildenafill citrate (Viagra). Mikrochimica Acta. ,137: 63-69.
[14] Issa, Y.M.; El-Hawary, W.F.; Youssef, A.F.A.; Senosy, A.R. (2010). Spectrophotometric determination of sildenafil citrate in pure form and in pharmaceutical formulations using some chromotropic acid azo dyes. Spectrochimica Acta Part A, 75: 1297-1303.
[15] Berzas, J.J.; Rodriguez, J.; Castaneda, G.; Villasenor, M.J. (2000). Voltammetric behavior of sildenafil citrate (Viagra) using square wave and adsorptive stripping square wave techniques: Determination in pharmaceutical products. Analytica Chimica Acta, 417 :143-148.
[16] Hesham, S.(2006). Spectrochemical Methods for the Determination of Sildenafil Citrate (Viagra) in Bulk Powder and in Pharmaceutical Dosage Form. Jordan Journal of Applied Science, 8:28-43.
[17] Segall, A.I.; Vitzle, M.T.; Perez, V.L.; Palacios, M.L.; Pizzorno, M.T. (2002).Simultaneous assay of sildenafil and desmethylsildenafil in human plasma using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry on silica column with aqueous– organic mobile phase. Journal of Chromatography B, 768: 277-284.
[18] Zhu, X.; Xiao, S.; Chen, B.; Zhang, F.; Yao, S.; Wan, Z.; Yang, D.; Han, H. (2005).Simultaneous determination of sildenafil. vardenafil and adalafil as forbidden components in natural dietary supplements for male sexual potency by high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1066 : 89-95.
[19] Khaleda, H. A.; Nabil, S. N.; Shahbaz, A. M.(2010). Preparation and Study of Cephalexin Selective Electrodes and Their Application in Pharmaceutical Drugs. Al-Mustansiriyah Journal of Science,21(6):179-191.
[20] Frag, E.Y.Z.; Mohamed, G.G.; Alelaiwi, H.M.S. (2011). Electroanalytical determination of sildenafil in Viagra tablets using screen-printed and conventional carbon paste electrodes. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 659 : 121-127. [21] Abu Shawish, H.M.; Nasser, A.G.; Salman, M.S.; El Harazeen, H. (2013). Development of novel potentiometric sensors for determination of tartrazine dye concentration in foodstuff products. Food Chemistry., 138: 126-132.
[22] Khalil, S. (1999).Ion-selective electrode for the determination of trazodone in tablets. Analyst ,124: 139-142,.
[23] El-Ansary A.L.; Issa, Y.M.; Tag-Eldin, A.S., (2001). Plastic membrane selective electrodes for chlortetracyclinium ion based onchlortetracyclinium-phosphotungstate and phosphomolybdate ion-pair associates. Electroanalysis. ,13: 1203-1208.
[24] Cosofret, V.V.; Buck, R.P. (1992). Pharmaceutical Applications of Membrane Sensors, CRC Press. Florida,1:50-284.
[25] Vytras, K. (1989). The use of ion-selective electrodes in the determination of drug substances. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 7 :789-812.
[26] B. Neel, M. G. Asfhar, G. A. Crespo, M. Pawlak, D. Dorokhin, E. Bakker, (2014). Nitrite- Selective Electrode Based On Cobalt(II)tert-Butyl Salophen Ionophore. Electroanalysis , 26: 473 –480.
[27] Buck, P.R.; Lindner, E.(1994). IUPAC recommendation for nomenclature of ion-selective electrodes. Pure and Applied Chemistry., 66, 2527–2536.
[28] Othman, A.M.; Rizk, N.M.H.; El-Shahawi, M.S. (2004). Polymer membrane sensors for sildenafil citrate (Viagra) determination in pharmaceutical preparations. Analytica Chimica Acta, 515:303-309.
[29] Mohamed, G. G.; Nour El-Dien, F. A. F.; Frag, E. Y. Z.; Diab, M. M. A.(2013). Modified screen printed and conventional carbon paste electrodes for determination of sildenafil citrate in tablets. WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES ,2(6):4329-4348.